Physical Science
Matter: the stuff all objects and substances in the universe are made up of. All matter takes up space, volume, and contains a certain amount of material, mass.
Properties of Matter: identify/classify matter
Physical properties: those that can be observed without changing the make-up of the matter
Density: the amount of matter in a given volume
Ductility: the ability to be pulled into a thin strand, like a wire
Malleability: the ability to be pressed or pounded into a thin sheet
Boiling point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas
Melting point: the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquid
Electrical conductivity: How well a substance allows electricity to flow through it
Solubility: the ability to dissolve in another substance
Chemical properties: describe matter based on its ability to change into a new kind of matter with different properties
Flammability: it is capable of burning in the prescence of oxygen (chem prop. of paper)
Rusting: (chem prop of iron) occurs when iron reacts with oxygen to produce iron oxide.
States of Matter
Solid: (particles are locked and vibrate in place) keep its shape and volume ex. rock
Melting: change from solid to liquid
Liquid: (particles can move freely) takes on the shape of container, keeps volume, can flow ex. milk
Freezing: change from liquid to solid
Vaporization: change from liquid to gas
Gas: (fastest moving particles of the three states) takes on the shape and volume of its container, can flow (through room) ex. air
Condensation: change from gas to liquid
Atoms: the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still maintain the properties of that element. "Building blocks of matter"
Nucleus: center of atom
Protons: positively charged particles located inside nucleus
Neutrons: found inside the nucleus and have no electric charge
Isotopes: atoms of same element with different neutrons
Electrons: negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus
Molecule: two or more atoms combine. Smallest particle of a substance with the same properties of that substance
Element: simplest form of matter. Different kinds of atoms.
Compound: two or more elements that have combined ex. salt [NaCl sodium (Na) chlorine (Cl)]
Mixture: a combination of two or more substances that have NOT combined chemically
Solution: a mixture that looks like a single substance and has the same properties throughout
Solute: the substance that dissolves
Solvent: the substance in which a solute dissolves
Suspension: a mixture in which the compounds are dispersed but large enough to see and settle out
Periodic table of elements: organized chart of elements according to their properties. Each row is called a period and each column is a group or family
Atomic number: the number of protons in an atom of that element
Chemical symbol: one or two letters used to represent an elements name
Element name ex. carbon or hydrogen
Atomic mass: the average mass of an atom of the element
Force: a push or pull of an object, measured by units called newtons
Forces In Nature
Centripetal force: force that is directed toward the center of a circle, which keeps an object moving in a circle instead of flying away
Electric force: the attractive or repulsive force between charged objects
Magnetic force: the attractive or repulsive force that acts between magnetic materials
Friction: force that resists the motion of two surfaces that are touching each other
Gravity: force of attration between objects that have mass
Mass: the measure of the amount of "stuff" in an object (greater the mass of an object the greater the gravity between them)
Forces In Fluids
Fluid: any material, liquid or gas, that can flow
Pressure: the amount of force exerted on a given area by an object or substance.
Atmosphere: a measure of the pressure exerted by the weight of the atmosphere
Lift: upward force on an object due to differences in fluid pressure above and below it
Buoyant Force: the upward force exerted on an object that is immersed in a fluid
Motion
Newton's Laws of Motion: developed by Isaac Newton, explains the motions of objects
First Law: an object will keep doing whatever it's doing, whether sitting still or moving, unless the forces acting on it become unbalanced
Second Law: the acceleration of an object by a force is inversely(one increases while the other decreases) proportional to the mass of the object and directly (both increase) proportional to the force
Third Law: for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction.
Energy: a property of matter, and all matter has it
Forms of Energy
Mechanical Energy: energy an object has because of its motion or postion
Kinetic Energy: energy an object has because it is moving
Potential Energy: energy an object has because of its postion and shape
Thermal Energy: energy related to the temperature of a substance
Sound Energy: the energy carried by sound waves
Sound: energy that travels through matter as mechanical waves, can be heard by the ear. Travels much slower than light
Electrical Energy: energy produced by electric charges
Electricity: interaction of electric charges: positive and negative; protons (+) and electrons (-)
Law of electric charges: like charges repel and unlike charges attract
Static Electricity: the buildup of electric charges on an object moves off the object
Current Electricity: a continuous flow of electric charge
Direct: current in which the electric charges move in one direction
Alternating: current in which the electric charges flow in one direction, then in reverse direction, over and over again.
Circuit: electric current flows through
Closed: no breaks
Open: has a break
Parts of Circuit
Energy Source: something that pushes the electric charges through a closed circuit ex. battery
Load: device that circuits deliver electrical energy to ex. light bulb
Wires: connect energy source to load
Switch: opens and closes a circuit by bringing together or seperating two pieces of metal
Ohm's Law: an equation that describes the relationship among current, voltage, and resistance in an electric circuit I=V/R
Chemical Energy: energy stored in chemical bonds
Nuclear Energy: energy contained in the nuclei of atoms
Waves: oscillation that travels from one place to another within a certain velocity
Amplitude: the distance a wave oscillates from its resting position
Mehcanical waves: waves that travel through matter
Electromagnetic waves: waves that travel through empty space
Wavelength: distance from any point on one wave to a corresponding point on an adjacent wave
Frequency: the number of oscillations produced in a certain amount of time, measured in hertz
Wave speed: the distance a wave travels in a given amount of time
Law of conservation of energy: Energy can be transferred from one object or system to another, it cannot be created or destroyed
Light Energy: the energy carried by light and other kinds of electromagnetic waves
Light: a type of energy produced by the vibration of electronically charged particles
Electromagnetic waves: Light travels in the form of electromagnetic waves
Visisble light: part of electromagnetic spectrum that we can see. Includes all colors ROYGBIV (combined can be seen as white light)
Properties of Light
Light spreads out in all directions from its source
Light travels in straight lines called rays
Light travels "at the speed of light"
Light can travel in a vacuum