Psychiatry

Beta blockersACE InhibitorsStatinDM II control

DSM-IV An enduring pattern of psychological experience and behavior that differs prominently from cultural expectations, as shown in two or more of: cognition (i.e. perceiving and interpreting the self, other people or events); affect (ie. the range, intensity, lability, and appropriateness of emotional response); interpersonal functioning; or impulse control.The pattern must appear inflexible and pervasive across a wide range of situations, and lead to clinically significant distress or impairment in important areas of functioning.The pattern must be stable and long-lasting, have started as early as at least adolescence or early adulthood.The pattern must not be better accounted for as a manifestation of another mental disorder, or to the direct physiological effects of a substance (e.g. drug or medication) or a general medical condition (e.g. head trauma).ICD-10Markedly disharmonious attitudes and behaviour, involving usually several areas of functioning, e.g. affectivity, arousal, impulse control, ways of perceiving and thinking, and style of relating to others;The abnormal behaviour pattern is enduring, of long standing, and not limited to episodes of mental illness;The abnormal behaviour pattern is pervasive and clearly maladaptive to a broad range of personal and social situations;The above manifestations always appear during childhood or adolescence and continue into adulthood;The disorder leads to considerable personal distress but this may only become apparent late in its course;The disorder is usually, but not invariably, associated with significant problems in occupational and social performance.ICD10 adds that 'For different cultures it may be necessary to develop specific sets of criteria with regard to social norms, rules and obligations.'

Diagnostic criteria:Persistent sadness or low moodMarked loss of interests or pleasureAt least one of these, most days, most of the time for at least 2 weeks.If any of above present, ask about associated symptoms:Disturbed sleep (decreased or increased compared to usual)Decreased or increased appetite and/or weightFatigue or loss of energyAgitation or slowing of movementsPoor concentration or indecisivenessFeelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guiltSuicidal thoughts or acts

DSM-IV severities of depressionSubthreshold depressive symptoms: fewer than 5 symptomsMild depression: few, if any, symptoms in excess of the 5 required to make the diagnosis, and symptoms result in only minor functional impairment

Moderate depression: symptoms or functional impairment are between 'mild' and 'severe'

Most common form of dementia.Progressive. Uncurable.Risk factors include:LifestyleAgeSex (F>M)

General cerebral atrophy. Prescenec of amyloid plaques and neruofibillary bundles on PM.Symptomsd include loss of higher functions:ApraxiaAgnosiaAphasiaApathy

Acetylcholoinesterase inhibitors:Rivastigmine (Exelon Patch)GalantamineDonepizilNMDA Receptor antagonist:Memantadine

BehaviouralEmotional CognitiveStimulation

Second most common form of dementia worldwideMore common in AsiaM>FMore sudden onset than Lewy body/AD dementia. More focal neurological signs, can be very focal and imitate other dementias. e.g. frontal lobe vascular dementia can imitate Pick's disease.RF:Lifestyle

Like AD but their defecits are more patchy.Lateralising signs.Full work-up:FBCU&EB12TFTLFT ESRCaCRpFolateLipid ProfileGlucoseSyphilis screenECGCT Head

Manage RFs

Lewy body is an overlap disease between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's Disease.

Core Features are: 1) fluctuating cognition with great variations in attention and alertness from day to day and hour to hour 2) recurrent visual hallucinations (observed in 75% of people with DLB). Usually animals or people who aren't there.3) motor features of Parkinson'sAlso suffer from mis-inetrpretation, i.e, sock for snakes, bin for urinal.

MemantadineLevodopaCholinesterase inhibitors.Due to hypersensitivity to neuroleptics, prevention of DLB patients taking this drugs is of great importance Quetiapine and Clozapine have been used effectively to control hallucinations, typical antipsychotics can exacerbate symptoms or cause hypersensitivity reaction.People with DLB are at risk for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome.Other medications, including drugs for urinary incontinence and the antihistamine medication Benadryl can also exacerbate dementia.

A: Exposure to a traumatic eventThis must have involved both (a) loss of "physical integrity", or risk of serious injury or death, to self or others, and (b) a response to the event that involved intense fear, horror, or helplessness (or in children, the response must involve disorganized or agitated behavior). (The DSM-IV-TR criterion differs substantially from the previous DSM-III-R stressor criterion, which specified the traumatic event should be of a type that would cause "significant symptoms of distress in almost anyone," and that the event was "outside the range of usual human experience.B: Persistent re-experiencingOne or more of these must be present in the victim: flashback memories, recurring distressing dreams, subjective re-experiencing of the traumatic event(s), or intense negative psychological or physiological response to any objective or subjective reminder of the traumatic event(s).C: Persistent avoidance and emotional numbingThis involves a sufficient level of:avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma, such as certain thoughts or feelings, or talking about the event(s);avoidance of behaviors, places, or people that might lead to distressing memories;inability to recall major parts of the trauma(s), or decreased involvement in significant life activities;decreased capacity (down to complete inability) to feel certain feelings;an expectation that one's future will be somehow constrained in ways not normal to other people.D: Persistent symptoms of increased arousal not present beforeThese are all physiological response issues, such as difficulty falling or staying asleep, or problems with anger, concentration, or hypervigilance.E: Duration of symptoms for more than 1 monthIf all other criteria are present, but 30 days have not elapsed, the individual is diagnosed with Acute stress disorder.F: Significant impairmentThe symptoms reported must lead to "clinically significant distress or impairment" of major domains of life activity, such as social relations, occupational activities, or other "important areas of functioning".[67]

1. The patient must have been exposed to a stressful event or situation (either short or long lasting) of exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature which would likely cause pervasive distress in almost anyone.2. There must be persistent remembering or reliving of the stressor in intrusive flashbacks, vivid memories or recurring dreams, or in experiencing distress when exposed to circumstances resembling or associated with the stressor.3. The patient must exhibit an actual or preferred avoidance of circumstances resembling or associated with the stressor.4. Either of the following must be present-:Inability to recall either partially or completely some important aspect of the period of exposure to the stressor, ORPersistent symptoms of increased psychological sensitivity and arousal shown by any two of the following:Difficulty falling or staying asleepIrritability or outbursts of angerDifficulty concentratingHypervigilanceExaggerated startle response

A minimum of one very clear symptom belonging to any one of the groupslisted below as (a) to (d) or symptoms from at least two of the groupsreferred to as (e) to (i) should have been clearly present for most of thetime during a period of 1 month or more.a) Thought echo, thought insertion or withdrawal and thought broadcastingb) delusions of control, influence or passivity, clearly referred to body or limb movementsor specific thoughts, actions or sensations; delusional perceptionc) hallucinatory voices giving a running commentary on the patient’s behaviour ordiscussing the patient among themselves, or other types of hallucinatory voices comingfrom some part of the bodyd) persistent delusions of other kinds that are culturally inappropriate and completelyimpossible, such as religious or political identity, or superhuman powers and abilities(e.g. being able to control the weather or being in communication with aliens fromanother world)e) persistent hallucinations in any modality, when accompanied either by fleeting or halfformed delusions without clear affective content or by persistent over-valued ideas, or when occurring every day for weeks or months on end.f) breaks or interpolations in the train of thought, resulting in incoherence orirrelevant speech, or neologismsg) catatonic behaviour, such as excitement, posturing. or waxy flexibility, negativism,mutism and stuporh) ‘negative’ symptoms such as marked apathy,paucity of speech and blunting or incongruity of emotional responses, usually resultingin social withdrawal and lowering of socialperformance; it must be clear that these arenot due to depression or neurolepticmedicationi) a significant and consistent change in theoverall quality of some aspects of personalbehaviour, manifest as loss of interest,aimlessness, idleness, a self-absorbedattitude and social withdrawal.

1. Characteristic symptoms: Two or more of the following, each present for much of the time during a one-month period (or less, if symptoms remitted with treatment).DelusionsHallucinationsDisorganized speech, which is a manifestation of formal thought disorderGrossly disorganized behavior (e.g. dressing inappropriately, crying frequently) or catatonic behaviorNegative symptoms: Blunted affect (lack or decline in emotional response), alogia (lack or decline in speech), or avolition (lack or decline in motivation)If the delusions are judged to be bizarre, or hallucinations consist of hearing one voice participating in a running commentary of the patient's actions or of hearing two or more voices conversing with each other, only that symptom is required above. The speech disorganization criterion is only met if it is severe enough to substantially impair communication.2. Social or occupational dysfunction: For a significant portion of the time since the onset of the disturbance, one or more major areas of functioning such as work, interpersonal relations, or self-care, are markedly below the level achieved prior to the onset.3. Significant duration: Continuous signs of the disturbance persist for at least six months. This six-month period must include at least one month of symptoms (or less, if symptoms remitted with treatment).

There are three subtypes of ADHD:1) Hyperactive-impulsive subtype. Some features of this type of ADHD are that a child may fidget a lot, run around in inappropriate situations, have difficulty playing quietly and may talk excessively. They may interrupt others and have trouble waiting their turn in games, in conversations and also in queues.2) Inattention subtype. In this subtype, a child may have trouble concentrating and paying attention, may make careless mistakes, may not listen or follow through on instructions and may be easily distracted. They may also be forgetful in daily activities, lose essential items such as school books or toys, and have trouble organising activities.3) Combined subtype. If a child has this subtype, they have features of both of the other subtypes.

NMS is a life threatening condition related to an adverse reaction to anipsychotic drugs. Mnemonic for remembering the symptoms:F - Fever > 38 CA - Autonomic instability(v. labile blood pressure)L - LeucocytosisT - TremorE - Elevated EnzymesR - Rigidity of the muscles.