Data supports diathesis-stress interpretation for developing schizophrenia
often comorbid
Often Comorbid
SAD can lead to substance abuse
Diagnosis from DSM-5
Diagnosis Rules from DSM-5
genetics appears to play a large factor in someone's risk of developing a mood disorder
Definition of manic episode from DSM-5
some theories of MDD come based on the Diathesis-Stress Model
Defining symptoms from DSM-5
specifiers of different patterns of symptoms of depression from DSM-5
GAD often comorbid w/ other AD
BDP has a high genetic component relating to biological basis for development of disorders
90% comorbid w/ substance abuse or an anxiety disorder
*90% comorbid w/ substance abuse or an anxiety disorder
DSM-5 acknowledges 10 different PD in 3 different clusters
Now under Trauma-and-Stressor-Related Disorders in DSM-5 (previously under Anxiety Disorders
Psychological Disorders

Psychological Disorders

What is it?

APA Definition

significant disturbances in
thoughts, feelings, and disturbances

disturbances reflect biological,
psychological, or developmental dysfunction

lead to significant distress
or disability in one's life

do not reflect expected/ cultural norm
responses to certain events

Psychopathology

symptoms

etiology

treatment

Diagnosing and Classifying

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders

used by most health professionals and
published by the American Psychological Association

most recent publication was DSM-5 and was published in 2013

includes many categories of disorders

overview of disorder

specific symptoms

prevalence information

risk factors

Comorbidity

co-occurrence of two disorders

International Classification of Diseases

categories in the DSM and the ICD are similar
as well as the criteria for specific disesases

also used to the examine the general health of populations
and to monitor prevalence of diseases and other international
issues

ICD more used for clinical diagnoses and the DSM is more
valued for research

DSM contains more explicit disorder criteria and with more
extensive and helpful explanatory text

The 3 D's

Deviance

doing something different from the societal norm

Distress

to themselves, or those around the patient

Disfunction

problems w/ doing daily actions

Perspectives of Disorders

Supernatural Perspectives of Psychological Disorders

for centuries psychological disorders were thought to
be a force beyond scientific understanding

16th and 17th century nuns in convents reported foaming at the mouth, screaming and convulsed, sexually propositioned priests, and relations with devil or Christ

they thought it was because they posssesed
by devilish forces

nowadays it would suggests serious mental health
issues

Salem witch trials

Biological Perspectives of Psychological Disorders

views psychological disorders linked to biological
phenomena

genetic factors

genetic factors

little dispute that some disorders are largely
due to genetic facots

many researchers search for specific genes and
genetic mutations that contribute to mental disorders

chemical imbalences

brain abnormalities

Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychological Disorder

emphasizes on importance of learning, stress,
faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and
environmental factors

integrates biological and psychosocial factors to
predict likelihood of a disorder

people with underlying predisposition for a disorder are
more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with
events like trauma, (-) life events, childhood maltreatment

diathesis and stress are necessary in the development
of a disorder

OCD/ Related Disorders

d

group of overlapping disorders that involve
unpleasant thoughts and behaviors

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

obsessions

unwanted thoughts that persistent unintentional,
and distressing

knows they are irrational but has difficulty
ignoring or suppressing them

compulsions

repetitive/ritualistic acts that are used to try and
minimize the distress of the obsessions

not performed for pleasure or connected to the distress

if untreated OCD can lead to severe social and psychological problems

*Causes of OCD

moderate genetic component

orbitofrontal cortex

area involved with decision making

part of a series of regions called "OCD circuit"
that influence emotional value of certain stimuli 
and what behavior and cog

part of a series of regions called "OCD circuit"
that influence emotional value of certain stimuli
and what behavior and cognitive responses follow

ad

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

preoccupied w/ flaw in physical appearance that isn't there
or isn't noticeable by other people

can cause repetitive/ ritualistic behavior and mental acts
(looking in mirror, hiding uncomfortable body parts, cosmetic
surgery)

Hoarding Disorder

can't part w/ possessions even if
valueless or useless they are

think they may have future use or that
they have sentimental attachment

diagnosis only if hoarding not caused by medical condition
or a symptom of another disorder

causes them to have excessive amount
of items

Mood Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

depressed mood every day or nearly every day and loss in pleasure in normal activities

must experience 5 symptoms
to receive diagnosis

weight change/change in appetite

difficulty sleeping or oversleeping

psychomotor agitation (fidgety) or
psychomotor retardation (slowly)

fatigue

feeling worthless or guilty

difficulty concentrating/ indecisive

suicidal ideation

thoughts of death

thinking/planning suicide

attempting suicide

results

miserable exsitence

inability to work/education, lost wages,
and possible hospitalization

increased risk of heart disease

subtypes of depression

seasonal pattern

seasonal pattern

ad

person experiences symptoms during certain
time of year

"winter blues"

peripartum onset

peripartum onset

a

women experience symptoms during pregnancy
or after the birth of a child

feel anxious, panic attacks, guilty, agitated, and
weepy

may harm themselves or child in extreme cases
and many have a hard time being decent caregivers

persistent depressive disorder

persistent depressive disorder

depressed moods everyday for around 2 years|
and have 2 of the other symptoms

chronically sad and melancholy but not meeting all
necessary to be diagnosed with major depression

risk factors

unemployment earning <$20,000 a year, living in urban areas, being separated/divorced/widowed

greater risk among women

Bipolar Disorder

mood states between depression and mania

to be diagnosed

manic episode at least once in life

"distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive,
or irritable mood and abnormally/ persistent increased
activity/ energy for at least 1 week"

flight of ideas (one topic to another), excessively talkative,
irritable and hostile comments, grandiosity, show no need for sleep, showing recklessness

*risk factors

higher in men than women

1/2 onset before age 25

affects of a parent's bipolar disorder on their children
(Bentall, Pavlickova, Turnbull 2014)

children either symptomatic or asymptomatic

symptomatic children found to show, "showed significantly lower self-esteem, increased sensitivity to punishment, ruminations and hypomanic cognitions"

novelty-seeking(engagement in new experiences) rates found lower in children with bipolar disorder than in children of parents without bipolar disorder

overall heratibility rate 52%

*Biological Basis of Mood Disorders

relatives of someone with major depressive disorder
2x the risk of developing it, relatives of someone with bipolar
disorder 9x the risk

those with mood disorders have imbalances in
norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters

a

regulators for appetite, sex drive
sleep, arousal, and mood

medications for major depressive boosts
serotonin and norepinephrine

lithium for bipolar disorder blocks norepinephrine

those w/ depression show increased levels of activity
in the amygdala and less activity in prefrontal lobe

those w/ depression show increased levels of activity
in the amygdala and less activity in prefrontal lobe

Diathesis Stress Model for Major Depressive Disorder

stressful life events can trigger depression

significant losses

exit events

those exposed to traumatic stress in childhood

parental separation

maltreatment

alteration in the 5-HTTLPR gene

if someone carries one or two short versions of gene
person more likely to experience major depressive symptoms
than if they carried two long versions of the gene

Dissociative Disorders

Definition

individual becomes split off from core self

memory and identity disturbed

Dissociative Amnesia

unable to recall important personal information usually
following extremely stressful/traumatic experience

some experience dissociative fugue

wander away from home

confusion about identity

some adopt new identity

*validity is often questioned

no description of people showing dissociative amnesia pre 1800's

possibly under diagnosed after study found out 82 individuals who enrolled for treatment 10% met criteria

Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder

recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both

depersonalization= feelings of detachment from one's whole self/ parts of the self

believe thoughts aren't their own

feel they lack control of movements and speech

distorted sense of time

"out of body" experience (extreme cases)

derealization= feelings of detachment from the world or one's surroundings

feel in a fog or a dream

world is artificial and unreal

Dissociative Identity Disorder

Dissociative Identity Disorder

a

individual shows two or more separate personalities,
well-defined and distinct from one another

memory gaps from time other personality is in charge

some may report hearing voices

highly controversial

some make fake symptoms to avoid jail for illegal activity

rates sky rocketed in the 1980's

possibly better techniques to diagnose

possibly popularization of the disorder

patients suffer their entire lives

patients report history of trauma in childhood
(study found 95% were sexually or physically abused)

traumatic experiences can cause states of dissociation to serve as a coping mechanism

formerly called split personality disorder

Substance Use Disorders
(SAMHSA)

Alcohol Use Disorder

Alcohol Use Disorder

to be diagnosed

must have problems controlling alcohol intake

continued use of alcohol despite problems from drinking

must develop a tolerance

drinking leads to withdrawal symptoms

drinking leads to risky situations

drinking levels

moderate drinking

1 drink/day (women)
2 drinks/day (men)

binge drinking

5 or more drinks in 1 day
in the last 30 days

heavy drinking

5 or more drinks in same occasion
5 or more times in last 30 days

severity based on the # of criteria that are met

Cannabis Use Disorder

Cannabis Use Disorder

ad

some symptoms include

difficulty functioning due to cannabis use

development of tolerance

cravings and withdrawal symptoms

effects of marijuana

distorted perception

difficulty thinking/problem solving

loss of motor coordination

Stimulant Use Disorder

Stimulant Use Disorder

some symptoms include

craving for stimulants

failure to control use

using larger amounts overtime

withdrawal symptoms after reducing use

stimulants

increase alertness, attention, and energy

elevate blood rate, heart rate, and respiration

common stimulants

methamphetamine

amphetamines

cocaine

Hallucinogen Use Disorder

Hallucinogen Use Disorder

d

symptoms include

craving for hallucinogens

failure to control use

use in risky situations (driving)

spending great amounts of time to obtain and use

hallucinogens

produce visual and auditory hallucinations

produce detachment from one's environment

distortions in time/ perception

common hallucinogens

LSD

mushrooms

Opioid Use Disorder

Opioid Use Disorder

ad

symptoms include

strong desire for opioids

difficulty controlling use

use of larger amounts over time

experiencing withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit

opioids

reduce perception of pain

cause nausea, euphoria, mental constipation, and drowsiness

common opioids

heroin

legal pain relievers

oxycodone

hydrocodone

Anxiety Disorders

Specific Phobia

person experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation

people may realized their fear is irrational some people and may go to specific to avoid the stimulus

typically it is disruptive to a person's life

common specific phobias

acrophobia= heights

aerophobia= flying

arachnophobia= spiders

claustrophobia= enclosed spaces

cynophobia= dogs

hematophobia= blood

ophidiophobia= snakes

taphophobia= being buried alive

trypanophobia= injections

xenophobia= stangers

Agoraphobia

"fear of the marketplace"

characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or get help if they have a panic attack

example could be public transportation, open spaces, stores, crowds, or being home alone

Acquisition of Phobias Through Learning

can be developed through 3 pathways

classical conditioning

modeling

verbal transmission

more likely to develop phobias of things
that aren't a real danger, than things that are
a legitimate danger

Social Anxiety Disorder

extreme fear and avoidance of social situations
where a person could be seen badly by other

extreme fear and avoidance of social situations
where a person could be seen badly by other

d

fear of acting in humiliating way or
possibly being rejected

can develop through conditioning

risk factor of behavioral inhibition

Safety behaviors

mental acts that reduce anxiety and
chanceof negative social outcome

sometimes actually "exacerbate" the disorder

Panic Disorder

experiencing recurrent and unexpected panic attacks

neurobiological theory
issue in the locus coeruleus which deals
with anxiety and fear

conditioning theory
classical conditioning responses to subtle
sensations one feels when they are anxious

cognitive theories
prone to interpret bodily sensations badly

panic attack is period of extreme fear that "develops abruptly and reaches a peak in 10 minutes

panic attack is period of extreme fear that "develops abruptly and reaches a peak in 10 minutes

attack itself is not a mental disorder

must experience multiple abrupt attacks to be diagnosed

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable
worry and apprehension

relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable
worry and apprehension

diagnosis requires

worry and apprehension isn't because of
of other disorder

occurs more days than not for 6+ months

needs three of the other symptoms

restlessness

difficulty concentrating

being easily fatigued

muscle tension

irritability

sleep difficulties

General Information

everyone feels anxiety at some point, but anxiety disorders characterized by persistent fear and anxiety and by disturbances in behavior

25-30% of the population meet the criteria for at least one
type of disorder at some point in their life

more common in women than in men

PTSD

Definition

person experiences extreme psychological trauma because
of an extremely stressful or traumatic event

symptoms include
flashbacks where the person relives the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to event, detachment from others, jumpiness, and negative emotional states

*higher rates in people exposed to trauma due to their jobs
(police, firefighters, EMT, soldiers)

Risk Factors

trauma experience, more life stress

lack of emotional support

support helps victims cope with complex feelings by giving a sense of love and appreciation

study of Vietnam Veterans
(Koenen, Stellman, Stellman, Sommer 2003)

those that perceived to have less support when they came home were more likely to develop PTSD

many veterans with PTSD also did not choose to seek mental health help

over 50% of veterans with PTSD were smokers, while only 30% of veterans without PTSD were smokers

See reference section.

Learning

cognitive factors theory

disturbances in memory of trauma

individual unable to remember context of the event

memories disorganized and poorly encoded

negative appraisals and its aftermath

possibly through classical conditioning

possibly through classical conditioning

a

UC= traumatic event

UR= fear and anxiety

Schizophrenia

Symptoms

negative symptoms
(decreases/absences in certain behaviors)

no emotion in expressions

avolition

lack of motivation to engage in self-motivated
and meaningful activity

alogia

reduced speech

asociality

social withdrawal

anhedonia

inability to experience pleasure from what are considered
pleasurable activities (hobbies, sexual activity, etc.)

postive symptoms
(something added)

hallucination

delusions

paranoid delusions

false belief others or agencies plotting
to harm them

grandiose delusions

they hold special power, unique knowledge,
and are extremely important

somatic delusions

something extremely weird is happening to
their body

disorganized symptoms

disorganized thinking

disorganized or abnormal motor behavior

extremely active, exhibiting child-like behaviors
repeated pointless movements, odd expressions

catatonic behaviors

decreased reactivity to their environment

Causes

Genetics

studies suggest that development of schizophrenia
aided by genetics and environmental factors

Brain Autonomy

those with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles meaning
they also have a loss of brain tissue

less frontal lobe activity when performing certain tasks

Pregnancy

mother exposed to influenza during 1st trimester

mother's emotional stress during pregnancy

Marijuana

those w/ schizophrenia more likely to use MJ (can't determine if it leads to schizophrenia or vice versa)

risk factor for schizophrenia

Neurotransmitters

dopamine hypothesis

dopamine hypothesis

abundance of dopamine or to many dopamine receptors
reason for onset of schizophrenia

overabundance of dopamine in limbic system responsible
for posiitve symptoms

low level of dopamine in limbic system responsible for
negative symptoms

General Information

psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in
thought, perception, emotion, and behavior

psychotic disorder

thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors impaired to where a person can't function normally

disconnected from the world most live in

Nash

people w/ psychological disorders can make big impacts
in our world

John Forbes Nash was a "mathematical genius" who happened to have schizophrenia and went on to win a Nobel Prize in Economics and an Abel prize

responsible for the concept of Game Theory

"analysis of strategies for dealing with competitive situations where the outcome of a participant's choice of action depends

"analysis of strategies for dealing with competitive situations where the outcome of a participant's choice of action depends critically on the actions of other participants"

a

Personality Disorders

General Information

individual displays personality style different from
expectations of society, is pervasive/ inflexible, begins in
adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress

usually problematic for others and create many problems

Cluster A

Cluster A

personality style that is "odd or eccentric"

Paranoid PD

unjustifiable mistrust of others

doesn't want to be close to others and holds grudges easily

reads threatening meaning into events

Schizoid PD

not interested in forming relationships with others
and shows emotional detachment and coldness

doesn't care about approval or criticism from others

Schizotypal PD

shows eccentricities in thought, perception, and behavior
and shows suspiciousness and paranoia

perceives events unusually and often displays "inappropriate emotions"

Cluster B

Cluster B

d

individuals are impulsive, over dramatic, emotional,
and erratic

Antisocial PD

no regard for other's thoughts or feelings

lacking empathy

view those around them as "pawns to be used or abused
for a specific purpose" (OpenStax College 2017)

common actions include

recklessness or illegal activities

lying and manipulating others

inability to act responsibly

irritability or aggressiveness towards others

Histrionic PD

overly dramatic, emotional, and theatrical and always wish to be the center or attention

behavior often provocative emotions shallow and shift often

Narcissistic PD

inflated sense of self-importance and believe they deserve
extra attention from others

no empathy and often shows arrogant attitudes and takes advantage of others

Borderline PD

individual who has instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and is extremely impulsive

can't handle idea of being alone and will go to extremes to
prevent it

suicidal gestures

self-mutilation

Biological Basis

high genetic component

traits of impulsivity and emotional instability
have high heritability

rates among relatives as high as 24.9%

many individuals report experiencing childhood abuse
(physically/sexually/emotionally)

Cluster C

Cluster C

d

individuals w/ Cluster C PD's appear nervous and fearful

Avoidant PD

avoids relationships out of fear of criticism or negativity

feels inadequate by society standards and won't try
new activities if they may be embarrased

Dependent PD

allow others to run their lives and is clingy and
and fears separation

lacks self-confidence and needs constant reassurance from others

can't do things on their own

feels helpless when alone

Obsessive- Compulsive PD

need for perfectionism doesn't allow for individual
to complete tasks

preoccupied w/ details and is rigid and stubborn

devoted to work at expense of friends

References

Koenen, K. C., Stellman, J. M., Stellman, S. D., Sommer, J. F. (2003). Risk factors for course of posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans: A 14-year follow-up of American Legionnaires. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 980–986.
Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654776/pdf/nihms-92925.pdf

Bentall, R.P., Pavlickova, H., Turnbull, O. (2014). Cognitive vulnerability to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53,
386-401.
Retrieved from:
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.boisestate.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=718a917b-7285-40ad-b110-92c77cf428b9%40sdc-v-sessmgr04

Fragnelli, V., Grangelli, G. (2015). Obituary John Forbes Nash. European Journal History of Economic Thought, 22, 923-926.
Retrieved from:
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=2c82e4ef-119a-4fa2-9a94-feec5619814f%40sdc-v-sessmgr03

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2015). Substance use disorders. U.S Department of Health and Human Services.
Retrieved from:
https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders/substance-use

*OpenStax College (2017). Psychology. OpenStax College. Retrieved from:
https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@9.30:6HoLG-TA@7/Introduction

For Each of the Photos the Hyperlink is attached to each photo