Psychological Disorders
What is it?
APA Definition
significant disturbances in
thoughts, feelings, and disturbances
disturbances reflect biological,
psychological, or developmental dysfunction
lead to significant distress
or disability in one's life
do not reflect expected/ cultural norm
responses to certain events
Psychopathology
symptoms
etiology
treatment
Diagnosing and Classifying
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
of Mental Disorders
used by most health professionals and
published by the American Psychological Association
most recent publication was DSM-5 and was published in 2013
includes many categories of disorders
overview of disorder
specific symptoms
prevalence information
risk factors
Comorbidity
co-occurrence of two disorders
International Classification of Diseases
categories in the DSM and the ICD are similar
as well as the criteria for specific disesases
also used to the examine the general health of populations
and to monitor prevalence of diseases and other international
issues
ICD more used for clinical diagnoses and the DSM is more
valued for research
DSM contains more explicit disorder criteria and with more
extensive and helpful explanatory text
The 3 D's
Deviance
doing something different from the societal norm
Distress
to themselves, or those around the patient
Disfunction
problems w/ doing daily actions
Perspectives of Disorders
Supernatural Perspectives of Psychological Disorders
for centuries psychological disorders were thought to
be a force beyond scientific understanding
16th and 17th century nuns in convents reported foaming at the mouth, screaming and convulsed, sexually propositioned priests, and relations with devil or Christ
they thought it was because they posssesed
by devilish forces
nowadays it would suggests serious mental health
issues
Salem witch trials
Biological Perspectives of Psychological Disorders
views psychological disorders linked to biological
phenomena
genetic factors
little dispute that some disorders are largely
due to genetic facots
many researchers search for specific genes and
genetic mutations that contribute to mental disorders
chemical imbalences
brain abnormalities
Diathesis-Stress Model of Psychological Disorder
emphasizes on importance of learning, stress,
faulty and self-defeating thinking patterns, and
environmental factors
integrates biological and psychosocial factors to
predict likelihood of a disorder
people with underlying predisposition for a disorder are
more likely than others to develop a disorder when faced with
events like trauma, (-) life events, childhood maltreatment
diathesis and stress are necessary in the development
of a disorder
OCD/ Related Disorders
group of overlapping disorders that involve
unpleasant thoughts and behaviors
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
obsessions
unwanted thoughts that persistent unintentional,
and distressing
knows they are irrational but has difficulty
ignoring or suppressing them
compulsions
repetitive/ritualistic acts that are used to try and
minimize the distress of the obsessions
not performed for pleasure or connected to the distress
if untreated OCD can lead to severe social and psychological problems
*Causes of OCD
moderate genetic component
orbitofrontal cortex
area involved with decision making
part of a series of regions called "OCD circuit"
that influence emotional value of certain stimuli
and what behavior and cognitive responses follow
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
preoccupied w/ flaw in physical appearance that isn't there
or isn't noticeable by other people
can cause repetitive/ ritualistic behavior and mental acts
(looking in mirror, hiding uncomfortable body parts, cosmetic
surgery)
Hoarding Disorder
can't part w/ possessions even if
valueless or useless they are
think they may have future use or that
they have sentimental attachment
diagnosis only if hoarding not caused by medical condition
or a symptom of another disorder
causes them to have excessive amount
of items
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
depressed mood every day or nearly every day and loss in pleasure in normal activities
must experience 5 symptoms
to receive diagnosis
weight change/change in appetite
difficulty sleeping or oversleeping
psychomotor agitation (fidgety) or
psychomotor retardation (slowly)
fatigue
feeling worthless or guilty
difficulty concentrating/ indecisive
suicidal ideation
thoughts of death
thinking/planning suicide
attempting suicide
results
miserable exsitence
inability to work/education, lost wages,
and possible hospitalization
increased risk of heart disease
subtypes of depression
seasonal pattern
person experiences symptoms during certain
time of year
"winter blues"
peripartum onset
women experience symptoms during pregnancy
or after the birth of a child
feel anxious, panic attacks, guilty, agitated, and
weepy
may harm themselves or child in extreme cases
and many have a hard time being decent caregivers
persistent depressive disorder
depressed moods everyday for around 2 years|
and have 2 of the other symptoms
chronically sad and melancholy but not meeting all
necessary to be diagnosed with major depression
risk factors
unemployment earning <$20,000 a year, living in urban areas, being separated/divorced/widowed
greater risk among women
Bipolar Disorder
mood states between depression and mania
to be diagnosed
manic episode at least once in life
"distinct period of abnormally elevated, expansive,
or irritable mood and abnormally/ persistent increased
activity/ energy for at least 1 week"
flight of ideas (one topic to another), excessively talkative,
irritable and hostile comments, grandiosity, show no need for sleep, showing recklessness
*risk factors
higher in men than women
1/2 onset before age 25
affects of a parent's bipolar disorder on their children
(Bentall, Pavlickova, Turnbull 2014)
children either symptomatic or asymptomatic
symptomatic children found to show, "showed significantly lower self-esteem, increased sensitivity to punishment, ruminations and hypomanic cognitions"
novelty-seeking(engagement in new experiences) rates found lower in children with bipolar disorder than in children of parents without bipolar disorder
overall heratibility rate 52%
*Biological Basis of Mood Disorders
relatives of someone with major depressive disorder
2x the risk of developing it, relatives of someone with bipolar
disorder 9x the risk
those with mood disorders have imbalances in
norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmitters
regulators for appetite, sex drive
sleep, arousal, and mood
medications for major depressive boosts
serotonin and norepinephrine
lithium for bipolar disorder blocks norepinephrine
those w/ depression show increased levels of activity
in the amygdala and less activity in prefrontal lobe
Diathesis Stress Model for Major Depressive Disorder
stressful life events can trigger depression
significant losses
exit events
those exposed to traumatic stress in childhood
parental separation
maltreatment
alteration in the 5-HTTLPR gene
if someone carries one or two short versions of gene
person more likely to experience major depressive symptoms
than if they carried two long versions of the gene
Dissociative Disorders
Definition
individual becomes split off from core self
memory and identity disturbed
Dissociative Amnesia
unable to recall important personal information usually
following extremely stressful/traumatic experience
some experience dissociative fugue
wander away from home
confusion about identity
some adopt new identity
*validity is often questioned
no description of people showing dissociative amnesia pre 1800's
possibly under diagnosed after study found out 82 individuals who enrolled for treatment 10% met criteria
Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder
recurring episodes of depersonalization, derealization, or both
depersonalization= feelings of detachment from one's whole self/ parts of the self
believe thoughts aren't their own
feel they lack control of movements and speech
distorted sense of time
"out of body" experience (extreme cases)
derealization= feelings of detachment from the world or one's surroundings
feel in a fog or a dream
world is artificial and unreal
Dissociative Identity Disorder
individual shows two or more separate personalities,
well-defined and distinct from one another
memory gaps from time other personality is in charge
some may report hearing voices
highly controversial
some make fake symptoms to avoid jail for illegal activity
rates sky rocketed in the 1980's
possibly better techniques to diagnose
possibly popularization of the disorder
patients suffer their entire lives
patients report history of trauma in childhood
(study found 95% were sexually or physically abused)
traumatic experiences can cause states of dissociation to serve as a coping mechanism
formerly called split personality disorder
Substance Use Disorders
(SAMHSA)
Alcohol Use Disorder
to be diagnosed
must have problems controlling alcohol intake
continued use of alcohol despite problems from drinking
must develop a tolerance
drinking leads to withdrawal symptoms
drinking leads to risky situations
drinking levels
moderate drinking
1 drink/day (women)
2 drinks/day (men)
binge drinking
5 or more drinks in 1 day
in the last 30 days
heavy drinking
5 or more drinks in same occasion
5 or more times in last 30 days
severity based on the # of criteria that are met
Cannabis Use Disorder
some symptoms include
difficulty functioning due to cannabis use
development of tolerance
cravings and withdrawal symptoms
effects of marijuana
distorted perception
difficulty thinking/problem solving
loss of motor coordination
Stimulant Use Disorder
some symptoms include
craving for stimulants
failure to control use
using larger amounts overtime
withdrawal symptoms after reducing use
stimulants
increase alertness, attention, and energy
elevate blood rate, heart rate, and respiration
common stimulants
methamphetamine
amphetamines
cocaine
Hallucinogen Use Disorder
symptoms include
craving for hallucinogens
failure to control use
use in risky situations (driving)
spending great amounts of time to obtain and use
hallucinogens
produce visual and auditory hallucinations
produce detachment from one's environment
distortions in time/ perception
common hallucinogens
LSD
mushrooms
Opioid Use Disorder
symptoms include
strong desire for opioids
difficulty controlling use
use of larger amounts over time
experiencing withdrawal symptoms when trying to quit
opioids
reduce perception of pain
cause nausea, euphoria, mental constipation, and drowsiness
common opioids
heroin
legal pain relievers
oxycodone
hydrocodone
Anxiety Disorders
Specific Phobia
person experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
people may realized their fear is irrational some people and may go to specific to avoid the stimulus
typically it is disruptive to a person's life
common specific phobias
acrophobia= heights
aerophobia= flying
arachnophobia= spiders
claustrophobia= enclosed spaces
cynophobia= dogs
hematophobia= blood
ophidiophobia= snakes
taphophobia= being buried alive
trypanophobia= injections
xenophobia= stangers
Agoraphobia
"fear of the marketplace"
characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or get help if they have a panic attack
example could be public transportation, open spaces, stores, crowds, or being home alone
Acquisition of Phobias Through Learning
can be developed through 3 pathways
classical conditioning
modeling
verbal transmission
more likely to develop phobias of things
that aren't a real danger, than things that are
a legitimate danger
Social Anxiety Disorder
extreme fear and avoidance of social situations
where a person could be seen badly by other
fear of acting in humiliating way or
possibly being rejected
can develop through conditioning
risk factor of behavioral inhibition
Safety behaviors
mental acts that reduce anxiety and
chanceof negative social outcome
sometimes actually "exacerbate" the disorder
Panic Disorder
experiencing recurrent and unexpected panic attacks
neurobiological theory
issue in the locus coeruleus which deals
with anxiety and fear
conditioning theory
classical conditioning responses to subtle
sensations one feels when they are anxious
cognitive theories
prone to interpret bodily sensations badly
panic attack is period of extreme fear that "develops abruptly and reaches a peak in 10 minutes
attack itself is not a mental disorder
must experience multiple abrupt attacks to be diagnosed
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
relatively continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable
worry and apprehension
diagnosis requires
worry and apprehension isn't because of
of other disorder
occurs more days than not for 6+ months
needs three of the other symptoms
restlessness
difficulty concentrating
being easily fatigued
muscle tension
irritability
sleep difficulties
General Information
everyone feels anxiety at some point, but anxiety disorders characterized by persistent fear and anxiety and by disturbances in behavior
25-30% of the population meet the criteria for at least one
type of disorder at some point in their life
more common in women than in men
PTSD
Definition
person experiences extreme psychological trauma because
of an extremely stressful or traumatic event
symptoms include
flashbacks where the person relives the event, avoidance of stimuli connected to event, detachment from others, jumpiness, and negative emotional states
*higher rates in people exposed to trauma due to their jobs
(police, firefighters, EMT, soldiers)
Risk Factors
trauma experience, more life stress
lack of emotional support
support helps victims cope with complex feelings by giving a sense of love and appreciation
study of Vietnam Veterans
(Koenen, Stellman, Stellman, Sommer 2003)
those that perceived to have less support when they came home were more likely to develop PTSD
many veterans with PTSD also did not choose to seek mental health help
over 50% of veterans with PTSD were smokers, while only 30% of veterans without PTSD were smokers
See reference section.
Learning
cognitive factors theory
disturbances in memory of trauma
individual unable to remember context of the event
memories disorganized and poorly encoded
negative appraisals and its aftermath
possibly through classical conditioning
UC= traumatic event
UR= fear and anxiety
Schizophrenia
Symptoms
negative symptoms
(decreases/absences in certain behaviors)
no emotion in expressions
avolition
lack of motivation to engage in self-motivated
and meaningful activity
alogia
reduced speech
asociality
social withdrawal
anhedonia
inability to experience pleasure from what are considered
pleasurable activities (hobbies, sexual activity, etc.)
postive symptoms
(something added)
hallucination
delusions
paranoid delusions
false belief others or agencies plotting
to harm them
grandiose delusions
they hold special power, unique knowledge,
and are extremely important
somatic delusions
something extremely weird is happening to
their body
disorganized symptoms
disorganized thinking
disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
extremely active, exhibiting child-like behaviors
repeated pointless movements, odd expressions
catatonic behaviors
decreased reactivity to their environment
Causes
Genetics
studies suggest that development of schizophrenia
aided by genetics and environmental factors
Brain Autonomy
those with schizophrenia have enlarged ventricles meaning
they also have a loss of brain tissue
less frontal lobe activity when performing certain tasks
Pregnancy
mother exposed to influenza during 1st trimester
mother's emotional stress during pregnancy
Marijuana
those w/ schizophrenia more likely to use MJ (can't determine if it leads to schizophrenia or vice versa)
risk factor for schizophrenia
Neurotransmitters
dopamine hypothesis
abundance of dopamine or to many dopamine receptors
reason for onset of schizophrenia
overabundance of dopamine in limbic system responsible
for posiitve symptoms
low level of dopamine in limbic system responsible for
negative symptoms
General Information
psychological disorder characterized by disturbances in
thought, perception, emotion, and behavior
psychotic disorder
thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors impaired to where a person can't function normally
disconnected from the world most live in
Nash
people w/ psychological disorders can make big impacts
in our world
John Forbes Nash was a "mathematical genius" who happened to have schizophrenia and went on to win a Nobel Prize in Economics and an Abel prize
responsible for the concept of Game Theory
"analysis of strategies for dealing with competitive situations where the outcome of a participant's choice of action depends critically on the actions of other participants"
Personality Disorders
General Information
individual displays personality style different from
expectations of society, is pervasive/ inflexible, begins in
adolescence or early adulthood, and causes distress
usually problematic for others and create many problems
Cluster A
personality style that is "odd or eccentric"
Paranoid PD
unjustifiable mistrust of others
doesn't want to be close to others and holds grudges easily
reads threatening meaning into events
Schizoid PD
not interested in forming relationships with others
and shows emotional detachment and coldness
doesn't care about approval or criticism from others
Schizotypal PD
shows eccentricities in thought, perception, and behavior
and shows suspiciousness and paranoia
perceives events unusually and often displays "inappropriate emotions"
Cluster B
individuals are impulsive, over dramatic, emotional,
and erratic
Antisocial PD
no regard for other's thoughts or feelings
lacking empathy
view those around them as "pawns to be used or abused
for a specific purpose" (OpenStax College 2017)
common actions include
recklessness or illegal activities
lying and manipulating others
inability to act responsibly
irritability or aggressiveness towards others
Histrionic PD
overly dramatic, emotional, and theatrical and always wish to be the center or attention
behavior often provocative emotions shallow and shift often
Narcissistic PD
inflated sense of self-importance and believe they deserve
extra attention from others
no empathy and often shows arrogant attitudes and takes advantage of others
Borderline PD
individual who has instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and mood and is extremely impulsive
can't handle idea of being alone and will go to extremes to
prevent it
suicidal gestures
self-mutilation
Biological Basis
high genetic component
traits of impulsivity and emotional instability
have high heritability
rates among relatives as high as 24.9%
many individuals report experiencing childhood abuse
(physically/sexually/emotionally)
Cluster C
individuals w/ Cluster C PD's appear nervous and fearful
Avoidant PD
avoids relationships out of fear of criticism or negativity
feels inadequate by society standards and won't try
new activities if they may be embarrased
Dependent PD
allow others to run their lives and is clingy and
and fears separation
lacks self-confidence and needs constant reassurance from others
can't do things on their own
feels helpless when alone
Obsessive- Compulsive PD
need for perfectionism doesn't allow for individual
to complete tasks
preoccupied w/ details and is rigid and stubborn
devoted to work at expense of friends
References
Koenen, K. C., Stellman, J. M., Stellman, S. D., Sommer, J. F. (2003). Risk factors for course of posttraumatic stress disorder among Vietnam veterans: A 14-year follow-up of American Legionnaires. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 980–986.
Retrieved from:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2654776/pdf/nihms-92925.pdf
Bentall, R.P., Pavlickova, H., Turnbull, O. (2014). Cognitive vulnerability to bipolar disorder in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 53,
386-401.
Retrieved from:
http://web.a.ebscohost.com.libproxy.boisestate.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=718a917b-7285-40ad-b110-92c77cf428b9%40sdc-v-sessmgr04
Fragnelli, V., Grangelli, G. (2015). Obituary John Forbes Nash. European Journal History of Economic Thought, 22, 923-926.
Retrieved from:
http://web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=2&sid=2c82e4ef-119a-4fa2-9a94-feec5619814f%40sdc-v-sessmgr03
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) (2015). Substance use disorders. U.S Department of Health and Human Services.
Retrieved from:
https://www.samhsa.gov/disorders/substance-use
*OpenStax College (2017). Psychology. OpenStax College. Retrieved from:
https://cnx.org/contents/Sr8Ev5Og@9.30:6HoLG-TA@7/Introduction
For Each of the Photos the Hyperlink is attached to each photo