Atoms strive to be stable like their closest noble gas. Atoms are lazy and will do the least work to form a full valence orbit
bonding
ionic bonds are bonds formed when a metal and non metal give electrons to complete the valence orbit
naming ionic compounds
Use the name of the first element, then add the stem of the second element and add the ending "ide".
covalent bonding occurs when two or more non metals share electrons to fill each others orbit. Since each electron will share the same amount the amount will always be in pairs, hence the amount of electrons shared is named in pairs.
Polyatomic ions are a group of atoms that carry an and overall charge
When naming covalent compounds add the first element, then the second element adding the ending ide. Then add a prefix at the beginning of the second element stating the amount of that element
Covalent bonds don't have fixed ratios, so we use the latin prefixes for them.
Bohr Rutherford diagrams represent the orbits of an atom. the image above is a bohr diagram of sodium
Lewis dot diagrams represent the valance orbit of an atom
Cations are positive charged ions while anions are negatively charge
Writing formulas
When Writing formulas you write the metal first then the non metal, also in subscript next to the element write the amount of that element.
multivalent elements can carry multiple charges, a list of potential charges are listed on the top left of the element on the periodic table. when writing out the the compound element you use the roman numerals to list the charge. Do NOT use roman numerals when writing out the formula.
Acids and Bases
Acids produce H+ ions and are below 7 on the scale. react with some metals. Blue litmus paper turns red in acids, red litmus paper stays.
There are two types of acids: oxyacids and binary acids
When naming binary acids use hydro as the prefix, then add the stem name of the 2nd element, add ic as the ending.
Acids and bases are measured on a scale 0-14. The lower the number the more acidic. if its a 7 on the scale it's neutral. If it's above 7 it's a base and the higher the number the more basic it is.
Amphoteric is when a it acts as acids and bases
Bases produce OH- ions. are basic or alkaline, slippery and soapy to the touch. Red litmus paper turns blue, blue litmus paper stays blue. a good conductor of electricity in water.
Naming Oxyacids (radical = polyatomic ions). The radical ending "ate" is dropped and the ending "ic" is added.
Here are some examples
pH is defined according to this formula PH = - log 10[H+]. pH is logarithmic meaning it increases 10x per unit. pH increases as acid is diluted. When acid is added pH increases. when bases are added to the acid the pH increases and it forms water.
When naming acids there are some rules for the ending of the stem for the second element. If the negative ion ends in ide the ending ic is added with the prefix hydro. If the ending is ate ic replaces it and if the ending is ite, ous replaces it
Chemical reactions
Matter can not be destroyed, only change forms. This is the law of conservation
When balancing equations, the same amount of atoms need to be on each side. when balancing an equation you follow the law of conservation
Some bonds are diatomic meaning they have 2 of the same atom
single displacement reactions. Single displacement occurs when a element replaces another element in a compound. A non metal can replace a non metal, and a metal can replace a metal. A + BC= B + AC
Double displacement reactions. Double displacement reactions are like single displacement reactions, but you can think of it like they're swapping their metals or non metals. AB + CD = AD + CB.
Synthesis reactions. Synthesis reactions occur when when 2 substances (generally elements) form a compound , sometimes these are called addition reactions, or combination reactions. A + B = AB
Decomposition reactions. This reaction occurs when a compound breaks up into the elements or a simpler compound. AB = A + B There are exception carbonates and chlorates, that don't go to the elements. Carbonates (CO3 2-) decompose to carbon dioxide and a metal oxide.
Combustion reactions. Combustion reactions occur when a occur when a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen. This is also called burning. In order to burn things you need 3 things in the "fire triangle", (fuel) Hydrocarbon, oxygen to burn, something to ignite the reactions (spark). in general C x H + O2 = CO2 + H2O. combustion reactions are always carbon dioxide and water, (although incomplete burning does cause some biproducts) like carbon monoxide.
Endothermic and exothermic reactions. Endothermic reactions absorb heat, while exothermic produce heat
Naturalization reactions are a special type of double displacement reaction, where the balance out the pH
