AxelEnManu

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Climate chamber

Testing

Structural assessment

Durability

Windshield defrost/demist

Exhaust emission

Fuel efficiency

Brake system

Harsh weather conditions

Air velocity

Extremely low temperatures

Humidity

High temperatures

Reasons

Lower costs

Electricity price

Occupancy schedule

Weather forecasts

Energy saving

Thermal comfort

PID controller

Fuzzy PID

Self tuning parameters

Better

Three term controller

Proportional–Integral–Derivative controller

Characteristics

Non-linearity

Large thermal inertia

Chilled water system

High precision & flexibility

Easy control

Valve opening: temperature regulation

Source: electrical heater power