BIOMECHANICS CHAPTER 2

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BIOMECHANICS CHAPTER 2

REFERENCE PLANES

transverse plane

rotational movements

movements occur - horizontal abduction, adduction - supination, pronation - medial, lateral pronation

frontal planes

lateral movements

movements occur - abduction, adduction - elevation, depression - radial, ulnar deviation

sagittal plane

forward and backward movements

movements occur - flexion - extension - hyperextension

REFERENCE AXES

longitudinal axis

imaginary line around transverse plane rotations

anteroposterior plane

imaginary line around frontal plane rotations

mediolateral axis

imaginary line around sagittal plane rotations

SPATIAL REFERENCE SYSTEMS

human joint centers are labeled with numerical x and y

commonly used is Cartesian coordinate system

standardizing descriptions of human motion

QUALITATIVE

PLANNING - performer attire - lighting condition - background - use of video

ANALYSIS - description of quality without use numbers - visual observation is most commonly used approach

ANATOMICAL REFERENCE PLANES

cardinal planes

three imaginary

planes

two dimensional surface

DIRECTIONAL TERMS

deep

inside body, away from surface

superficial

toward surface body

distal

away from trunk

proximal

closer to trunk

lateral

away from midline

medial

toward midline body

posterior

toward back body

anterior

toward front body

inferior

farther away from head

superior

closer to head

ANATOMICAL REFERENCE POSITION

considered starting point for all body segment movements

all body parts facing forward

erect standing position