INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

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Chapter 8: Energy and Enzymes

Chapter 11: Cell signaling & Signal transduction

"Signal transduction pathway"

Response

Signal Transduction

Cell Communcation

Chapter 6: Eukaroyotic Cells

Differenentiate betwwen Animal and plant cells

Internal membranes and compartmentalization

Types of Microscopes

Chap 25&27: Chemical evlution and Prokayotic cells

Peripheral & Integral Membrane Proteins

Membrane Fluidity

Oparin's Bubble Hypothesis

Chap4&5: Biological molecules

Amino acids and Proteins

Nucleosides and Nucloetide

DNA and synthesis of MRNA

Primary, seconday, Tertiary, Quaternary

Dehydration synthesis

Acidic/basic polar heads

Amino acid structure, Building blocks

Carbohydrates and Lipids

saturated/unsaturated fatty acid

Triglyceride--Phospholipids

Human(glycogen), Plants(starch), Cellulose

sugar-sucrose

startch/glucose

Amylose/Amylopectin

Carbon and Molecular diversity

four ways that carbon skelton can vary

presence of rings

Position of double bonds

Branch/unbranched

Subtopic

Length

Functional groups For ex. carboxyl

Isomers

Chap2&3: Chemistry for Biology

Bonds and water

Polar , Non Polar, Covalent, Ionic bonds

Polarity Of water

Atomic Mass, Atomic #

Four emergent properties of water

Chap1: Biological Hierachy

System, emergent properties, Reductionism

Domains and KIngdoms

Atoms

Levels of Biological Organization

Communities

Population

Organism

Organs

Tissues

Cells

Molecule

Chapter 16: DNA Replication, discovery as a genetic material.

ORIGINS of Replication, replication fork, SSB, Topoisomerase, DNA Pl I & III

Griffith, Avery, Mccleod&MCcarthy, Hershey&Chase

Chapter 17: Transcription/Translation

Protein targeting

Exons/Introns/Splicing

Template/Coding strand

Central Dogma

Chapter 17: Mutations and Repair

Spontaneous mutations.

Frameshift mutation

Nonsense mutation

missense mutation

Nucleotide pair substitution

Chapter 18: Gene Regulation

Positive: Glucose Effect

Negative: Repressible and Inducible Operons

Trp and LAC operons

Operons

Chapter 9: Respiration

Electron transport and Chemiosmosis

Krebs Cycle

Oxidation and Reduction

Chap 10: Photosynthesis

Cyclic Electron Flow

Absorption Spectrum

Dark and light Reactions

Redox Process

Sites of Photosyntheis in plants

Chap 18: Recombinant DNA

Sticky ends

Recongnition and marker ganes.

Bacteria Plasmid

Restriction endonuclease

Gene Cloning

Chap 12: Cell Cycle and regulation.

Cytokinesis

Telophase

Anaphase

Metaphase

Prometaphase

Prophase