Taxonomy for test oracles

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Questionnaire survey

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Uses previous runs for the next test

Can generate and verify large amount of data

Used in regression test

Consistent

Very fast verification

Used in boundary testing

Verify a selected set of samples

Sampling

Useful to validate algorithms

Easier than True Oracle

Reproduce values based on algorithms

Heuristic oracle

May miss errors

Stochastic

Useful for limitated inputs

Verify randomly a sample

True oracle

Expensive implementation

Long execution times

Useful for exhaustive testing

Validate algorithms

Independent generation of expected results

Taxonomy for test oracles