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Theories Explained By: Gillian Webber

Intersectionality

This theory is highly supportive in the nature of social change and equality among the different social categorizations of class including race, gender, nationality, sexual orientation or disability.

This theory analyzes how different forms of discrimination overlap (ie, race, gender, religion..)

Examines the multifaceted lives of people, how people's realities are formed by various factors as well as the social dynamics that overlap.

Humanism

Emphasizes on the value of humans, alone and collectively. Supports the human freedom and progress to allow for personal satisfaction and happiness to work towards the collective betterment of society.

Explores an individual's view on themselves and the world around them to determine an outlook.

Cognitive

The social cognitive is fairly neutral on social change as it simply observes the impacts of personal, behavioral, and environmental experiences, and how they affect values, beliefs, and actions.

This theory looks at the influence of individual experiences, the actions of others, and environmental factors on individual health behaviors.

Cultural Materialism

Looking at the modes of production to establish social division and class stratification. Supports social change through material aspects that also include factors of race, wealth, gender, religion- judged through the Superstructure which looks at the values and beliefs of society

Aspects of human culture can be explained in material terms. Acknowledging the interdependence of different institutions in society.

Feminism

Feminists tend to support ideas of social change for improving treatment of people

This theory focuses on periods of gender inequality specifically women's suffrage. Encouraging for periods of conflict regarding gender and social change

Examines the nature of gender inequality, concerning the equality and equity between the sexes.

Conflict

This theory supports social change as conflict serves as a constant state in society to highlight inequality and redistribute resources.

Conflict theory sees social life as a competition, and focuses on the distribution of resources, power, and inequality.

Opposing powers or groups are in conflict until the more dominant one overpowers the rest

Structural Functionalist

Integration refers primarily to the ‘adjustment of conflict’. It is concerned with the coordination and mutual adjustment of the parts of the social system

Marx's Theory of Social Change

Social change is a system of integration, as society grows and changes the way society works and what it accepts or normalizes

Marx viewed society in material terms of the modes of production. At a macro level, fitting all parts of society together as institutional

Durkheim's Social Action Theory

This theory views social change as deviance and disruptive to the process of society as a whole, connected group

This theory is resistant to change, and would view poverty, as a functional part of society by creating a group of people that will always need work- despite the issues it causes

"Functionalism sees social structure or the organisation of society as more important than the individual."