Mechanical habit formation
Oral-based approach
Skills
Writing
Reading
Reading and writing skills may be taught, but they are dependent on prior oral skills.
Listening
Speaking
Inductive approach
Based behavioral psychology
Reinforcement
Response
Stimulus
Speaking and listening are emphasized
Objectives
Long term objectives
Native-like production
Short term objectives
Oral comprehension
Accurate pronunctiation and grammar
Roles
Teacher
monitors and corrects learners' performance
The teacher models the target language, controls the direction and pace of learning
teacher-dominated
central-active
Student
speak aloud
repeat after the teacher
passive
Meaning is learned in linguistic and cultural context
Nelida Nita
To study through ALM may be boring and unsatisfying
Students were often unable to transfer skills acquired through ALM to real communication outside the classroom
Practical results fell short of expectations
The theoretical foundations of ALM were attacked as being unsound in terms of both language theory and learning theory
PROCEDURE
Activities
Grammar games
Complete the dialogue
Use of minimal pairs
Drills
Repetition drill
Question-and-answer drill
Backward build-up drill
Transformation drill
Single-shot substitution drill
Multiple-shot substitution drill
Chain drill
Dialogue memorization
Lesson Procedure
9. Follow up
8. Explain
7. Drill them
6. Select structure/vocabulary
5. Act out
4. Adapt to students' interest
3. Memorize
2. Repeat
1. Listen
APPROACH
DISADVANTAGES
Little attention to reading and writing
Grammar skills are untrained
Too much repetition
Weak basis of its theory
Teacher's domination over the class
ADVANTAGES
Speaking and listening skills are better trained
Learn the culture within a context
Control over grammatical structures and development of oral ability
Emphasizing sentence production
Making language teaching possible to large groups of learners
DESIGN
