Factors Affecting Dose-Response Curve

Factors Affecting Dose-Response Curve

10. Miscellaneous Factors

Placebo Effect: Patient's psychological response to treatment.

Time of Administration: Circadian rhythms affecting drug action.

Drug-Drug Delivery Systems: Nanocarriers or liposomes improving targeting.

9. Pharmacodynamic Factors

Therapeutic Window: Range between minimum effective and toxic dose.

Tolerance: Decreased response to the same dose over time.

Potency: Amount of drug needed to produce a specific effect.

Efficacy: Maximum effect achievable with the drug.

8. Drug Formulation Factors

Dosage Form: Tablet, capsule, liquid, or sustained-release formulations.

Excipients: Inactive ingredients affecting drug stability or absorption.

Particle Size: Smaller particles improving absorption.

7. Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Diet: High-fat meals or grapefruit juice affecting drug absorption.

Smoking: Induction of enzymes reducing drug levels.

Alcohol Consumption: Chronic or acute use affecting metabolism.

Stress: Hormonal changes altering drug effects.

Physical Activity: Increasing metabolism and clearance.

6. Genetic Factors

Pharmacogenetics: Genetic polymorphisms in drug-metabolizing enzymes (e.g., CYP450 variations).

Receptor Mutations: Genetic variations in receptor sensitivity.

Transporter Proteins: Genetic influence on drug uptake or efflux.

5. Dose and Administration

Compliance: Patient adherence to prescribed regimen.

Frequency: Timing between doses affecting drug accumulation.

Route of Administration: IV, oral, subcutaneous, etc.

Dosage: Subtherapeutic or toxic doses altering response.

4. Physiological and Pathological Factors

Liver Function: Hepatic impairment altering metabolism.

Kidney Function: Renal impairment reducing clearance.

Pregnancy: Altered pharmacokinetics during pregnancy.

Disease States: Diabetes, hypertension, or infections affecting drug action.

Body Weight and Composition: Fat distribution and muscle mass influencing drug levels.

3. Drug Interactions

Synergistic Effect: Drugs enhancing each other's effects.

Antagonistic Effect: Drugs opposing each other's effects.

Enzyme Inhibition: Drug inhibiting metabolic enzymes (e.g., CYP450

Enzyme Induction: Drug inducing metabolic enzymes.

Competitive Binding: Drugs competing for the same receptor.

2. Receptor Factors

Affinity: Strength of binding between drug and receptor.

Receptor Density: Number of receptors available for binding.

Intrinsic Activity: Ability of the drug to activate the receptor.

Desensitization: Reduced receptor response with prolonged exposure.

Upregulation/Downregulation: Changes in receptor expression levels.

1. Drug Properties

Absorption: Rate and extent of drug absorption.

Distribution: Tissue distribution and protein binding.

Metabolism: First-pass metabolism and active metabolites.

Drug Stability: Degradation under physiological conditions.

Excretion: Renal and biliary excretion.