Unit 4 - Animal Systems

Lung Capacity

Tidal Volume – The volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breathing movement when the body is at rest Inspiratory Reserve Volume - The additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond a regular, or tidal, inhalation. Expiratory Reserve Volume - The additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a regular, or tidal, exhalation. Vital Capacity (Total Lung Capacity) - The total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of the lungs

Arteries

- high elasticity - no valves - low permeability - small lumen - high pressure - rapid flow - largest: aorta, smallest artierioles

carries blood away from the heart

Ingestion: process of taking food through the mouth Digestion: process of breaking down food into smaller molecules the body can absorb for energy, growth, & repair Absorption: process where nutrients are taken into the blood-stream or lympthatic system Egestion: process of removing undigested or waste material from the body

Unit 4 - Animal Systems

Macromolecules

Nucleic Acids

- DNA & RNA

contains the genetic information of an organism & and assists in protein synthesis

chains of nucleotides

Proteins

enzymes, antibodies, some hormones, transport proteins

- proteins that speed up biochemical reactions such as hydrolysis - Hydrolysis: chemical reactioin where water breaks macromolecules into smaller molecules

- biological catalysts - transportation of materials through cell membranes - chemical messengers - structural components of cells

long chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Lipids

butter, lard, oils, hormones, waxes

- long term energy storage - insulation and cushioning of organs - waterproof coating

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Carbohydrates

Polysaccharides

structural support for cellulose & chitin

long term energy

many monosaccharides

Disaccharides

maltose, sucrose (table sugar)

short-term energy

2 monosaccharides

Monosaccharides

3 to 7 carbons in a C : H : O ratio of 1 : 2 : 1

glucose, fructose

instant energy

Polymers as they typically consist of identical/similar building blocks strung together.

Individual building blocks are called Monomers

large, complex organic molecules that the human body needs to provide energy and perform all cellular function

Circulatory System

- to maintain/help regulate body temperature -to transport materials and cells from one place to another - to protect/defend the body by carrying white blood cells to fight infections and repair injuries.

Heart

Heart sounds are caused by the closing of valves

recoil of blood against closed semilunar valves

recoil of blood against closed AV valves

Atria

Right atrium: carries deoxygenated blood that is pumped to the right ventricle

Left atrium: carries oxygenated blood that comes from the lungs

Ventricles

Right ventricle: carries deoxygenated blood that will be pumped to the lungs

Left ventricle: carries oxygenated blood that will be pumped to the body

Pulmonary Structures

Pulmonary Valve: valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery that prevents backflow of deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle.

Pulmonary Vein: carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atriums towards the heart.

Pulmonary Artery: carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Vena Cava

Inferior Vena Cava: carries deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the right atrium

Superior Vena Cava: carries deoxygenated blood from the upper body to the right atrium

Aorta & Aortic Valves

Aortic valve: prevents backflow of oxygenated blood to the left ventricle. Located between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Aorta: carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Bloods Vessels

contain

Capillaries

- not elastic - no valves - permeable - large lumen - very low pressure - flows slowly - most abundant

site of gas exchange with tissue cells

Veins

- little elasticity - valves - low permeability - large lumen - low pressure -flows slowly - largest: vena cava, smallest venules

carries blood towards the heart

Blood

55% Plasma 1% White blood cells & platelets 44% Red blood cells

Red blood cells: - Anemia: low red blood count - Thalassemia: abnormal form of hemoglobin - also called erthrocytes White blood cells: - Leukemia: cancer of the white blood cells; can't stop dividing - also called leukocytes

Red blood cells: - no nucleus or mitochondria - biconcave-shaped White blood cells: - nucleus present - some granular

Red blood cells: - carry O2 & CO2 - iron & oxygen create the red colour in blood White blood cells: - defends the body from disease & infection, either through phagocytosis or through the production of antibodies

Plasma: contains water & dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, & waste products Red blood cells: protein, hemoglobin, & iron

- equalize body temperature - deliver oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients to cells - transport hormones & antibodies - helps clotting - carry metabolic wastes away from cells to the lungs & kidneys

Digestive System

ORAL CAVITY The Mouth: - food gets lubricated and broken into smaller pieces and food is called a bolus The Teeth: - mechanical digestion; incisors for cutting, canines for tearing, premolars for grinding, molars for crushing The Tongue: - moves food mouth, helps move food towards throat for swallowing The Salivary Glands: - makes saliva.

Esophagus: - food tube leading from the pharynx (back of throat) to the stomach - have sphincters at each end to prevent food from going in the wrong direction - moves bolus through contractions called peristalsis

The Stomach: Structure - the stomach has 3 regions (cardiac, fundic, pyloric) & 2 sphincters at each end (cardiac & pyloric sphincters.) Function: food is mixed with gastric juices and churned, preparing the chyme (semifluid mass when food is mixed with digestive juices) for further digestion in the small intestine.

Small Intestine: Structure: Long, tiny tubes that take up most of the lower abdomen. made up of 3 main sections. Function: break down food and absorb nutrients Duodenum: where digestive juices and enzymes are produced and used to break down food. Jejunum: It's where food is mixed with stomach acid. Ileum: Nutrients are absorbed from the digested food then waste is moved to the large intestines.

Large Intestine: Structure: made up of 3 sections Function: Ascending Colon: Absorbs water and electrolytes from undigested food. Transcending Colon: Moves food waste toward the descending colon. Descending Colon: Continues the process of turning food into feces.

Digestion

Chemical Digestion: enzymes break down food into macromolecules and nutrients

Mechanical Digestion: breaking food into smaller pieces and the physical movement of food

Respiratory System

Nasal Cavity: Function: It is the entryway of the respiratory system. When you breathe in, the hair (called cilia) and mucus inside your nose help filter out impurities like dirt, bacteria.

Pharynx (The back of the throat) Function: The passageway for food and air. always open except when you swallow. Structure: hollow, muscular tube

Larynx: Function: - voice box, air passes through here, where your vocal cords vibrate to - produce sounds (your voice)

Trachea: Function: It is the tube that carries air from your mouth and nose down to your lungs, helping you breathe Structure: - Made of C-shaped cartilage rings that keep the trachea open and allow airflow. - Lined with cilia, tiny hair-like structures that help push mucus and debris out of the lungs.

Bronchus (pl. Bronchi) - The 2 air tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs - The trachea “forks” into the 2 bronchi

Bronchioles: Function: Small branches that come from the bronchi and lead to the tiny air sacs in the lungs called alveoli Structure: surrounded by smooth muscles that contract or relax to control the size of the airways.

Alveoli: Function: The alveoli are where gas exchange occurs in the lungs. It provides a large surface area for gas exchange. Structure: Tiny, balloon-like sacs at the end of the bronchioles. Clustered together like bunches of grapes.

The Lungs Function: Responsible for breathing. Takes in oxygen from the air, remove carbon dioxide from the blood and helps oxygenate the body. Structure: A nonmuscular organ filled with bronchial tubes, bronchioles, and alveoli for gas exchange. It’s also surrounded by pleural membranes and protected by the rib cage.

Diaphragm Function: A dome-shaped muscle under the lungs that helps with breathing by moving down to let the lungs expand and up to push air out. Structure: Large, flat muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. It’s located beneath the lungs.

Nostrils - the openings of your nose where air enters -Impurities in air, such as dirt and bacteria, are filtered by hair and mucus in your nose.

Respiration

Gas Exchange

Carbon Dioxide Transport at the Tissue Level

In the tissues, carbon dioxide (CO2) moves from the tissues into the red blood cells (attached to hemoglobin).

The deoxygenated blood travels to the heart.

The heart pumps the deoxygenated blood (now with CO2) to the lungs.

In the lungs, CO2 diffuses from the red blood cells into the alveoli.

CO2 is exhaled out of the body.

Oxygen Transport at the Tissue Level

Oxygen from the air diffuses from the alveoli into red blood cells in the capillaries.

The oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the heart.

The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues.

Oxygen diffuses from the red blood cells into the tissues, providing them with oxygen.

process

Expiration

- The diaphragm moves upward & relaxes - The rib cage moves in and out - The volume of chest cavity decreases - Air pressure increase

Inspiration

- Diaphragm moves downward & contracts - Rib cage moves up and out - Volume of chest cavity increases - Air pressure lowers

Processes involved in bringing oxygen into the body, making it available to each cell, and eliminating carbon dioxide as waste.