Animal and Human Language

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Animal and Human Language

Talking to Animals

Teaching Animals Human Language

Controversy about Interpretation

Animals imitate rather than understand meaning

Limited Productivity compared to Humans

Washoe (chimpanzee)

Allen and Beatrix Gardner

100 signs

Sarah (chimpanzee)

Plastic symbols

130 symbols

Premack

Koko (gorilla)

Francine Patterson

Around 1000 signs

American Sign Language (ASL)

Kanzi (bonobo)

250 symbols

Observing training

Lexigrams

Characteristics of Human language

Duality

Morphemes: meaningful combinations

Phonemes: meaningless alone

Two levels

Sounds

Meaning

Displacement

Things not present in the imediate enviroment

Not limited to here and now

Talk about past/future

Abstract ideas

Emotions

Dreams

Cultural transmission

Social contact

Cultural environment

Learning

Interaction with others

Creativity

Unpredictable communication

Infinite sentences

Novel utterances

New expressions

Fixed reference

Flexibity of expression

Fixed meaning

Specific place

Specific time

Communication

Types of Signals

Informative

Communicative

Chemical (Pheromones)

Tactil

Visual

Auditory

Learned

Instinctive

Communicating

Basic Human Function

Shared with Animals

Purpose: Information traslate

Productivity

Limited Set of Sounds

Infinite Combinations

Bee Dances

Distance and Direction

The length and angle of the waggle tell other bees how far the food is and in what direction.

Sun Position

Bees use the angle between the food source and the sun to guide others during the dance.

Waggle Dance

Bees perform this dance to share food location. The waggle part shows direction and the number of waggles shows distance.

Functions of Communication

Expressive

Directive

Referential

Metalinguistic

Phatic