Learning- a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that occurs through experience

Plus de détails

Augmented Reality and Education

par Gema Pizarro Jiménez

The good life

par Mijhael David Hansen Hansen

The DYS MOOC principles

par Marco Bertolini

LLS Typology

par Zulaikha Zulkflee

Classical Conditioning- a type of learning in which one connects an automatic response to an external stimuli.

Researched by Ivan Pavlov

Systematic Desensitization- a method (based on classical conditioning) that reduces anxiety by getting the individual to associate deep relaxation with successive visualizations of increasingly anxiety-producing situations.

4 distinct stages of classical conditioning.

These stages are not in any particular order. One does not need to pass through one stage before going to the next, nor does a person/animal necessarily experience all the stages.

Discrimination- occurs when an individual learns to produce a conditioned response to one stimulus, but not to another similar stimulus.

Essentially, opposites.

Generalization- After a conditioned response to one stimulus has been learned, the subject may also respond to similar stimuli without further training.

Extinction- the disappearance of the conditioned response brought about by repeatedly presenting the stimulus without the US.

Acquisition- the initial phase of learning the conditioned response.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- a previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being associated with the US.

(CR) occurs as a result of the (CS).

Conditioned Response (CR)- A learned response to the conditioned stimulus that occurs after US-CS pairing.

Neutral Stimulus- a stimulus that does not bring about a desired response (before learning or conditioning).

Neutral Stimulus turns into the Conditioned Stimulus after association with US.

Unconditioned Response (UR)- An unlearned response that is automatically elicited by the US.

Unconditioned Stimuli (US)-A stimulus that automatically produces a response without any prior learning.

(UR) occurs as a result of the (US).

Social / Observational Learning (Modelling or Imitation)- learning that occurs when a person observes and imitates someone else’s behaviour.

Researched by Albert Bandura.

Believed that Self Efficacy has powerful influence over behaviour.

Self Efficiency- the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes.

Conducted his famous "Bobo Doll Experiment where a team of researchers physically and verbally abused an inflatable doll in front of preschool-age children, which led the children to later mimic the behaviour of the adults by attacking the doll in the same fashion.

4 requirements for Observational Learning.

Reinforcement- if the model is reinforced than it enhances the effects of observational learning.

Motor Reproduction- must have the skill and practice to be able to replicate.

Retention- the learner requires clarity and meaning from the model.

Attention- the model must have the attention of the learner (ideally the model should be appealing to the learner).

Operant Conditioning- A form of learning in which consequences for behaviour, changes the likelihood that the behaviour will occur in the future.

Premack Principal- Related to operant conditioning, this is the idea that an undesired task must be completed before you may engage in a reinforcing activity.

Researched by Edward Thorndike and B.F. Skinner

Punishment –A consequence that decreases the probability of a behaviour occurring.

NegativePunishment- taking away something desirable in response to an observed behaviour.

Positive Punishment- adding an adverse stimuli in response to an observed behaviour.

Reinforcement- Anything that has the effect of strengthening a particular behaviour and makes it likely that the behaviour will happen again.

Schedules of Reinforcement.

Variable-Interval Schedule- A response is reinforced after a variable amount of time has elapsed.

Fixed-Interval Schedule- The first appropriate response after a fixed amount of time is reinforced.

Reinforcement occurs after a period of time

Variable-Ratio Schedule- A behaviour is reinforced after an average number of times, but on an unpredictable basis.

Reinforcement occurs after a response.

One doesn't know when reinforcement will occur.

Fixed-Ratio Schedule- A behaviour is reinforced after a set number of responses.

One knows when reinforcement will occur.

Reinforcement is generally more effective than punishment in the long-term.

Negative Reinforcement- taking away something negative after a behaviour is observed.

Positive Reinforcement- adding something positive after a behaviour is observed.

Learning- a relatively permanent change in behaviour or knowledge that occurs through experience

The fact that learning is about experience has a neurological basis. Some pathways become well-defined, and others are pruned away.

Risk Taking has been evolutionarily advantageous for humans, but in some ways goes against our survival instincts

Theories of learning