EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES

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KNOWLEDGE IN ISLAM

Muhammad Hilman Annuarにより

Philosophy of science and research

Marie Theisにより

ICT

Kamaljeet Singh Assiにより

Sample Mind Map

Kluchan Annにより

EPISTEMOLOGICAL BASES

Logical Positivism

Values empirical evidence and seeks to establish causation through systematic experimentation.

Believes in the scientific method as the primary means of acquiring knowledge.

Perspective on Action Research: Judges reproductive action research as scientific.

Postulates hypotheses and emphasizes rigorous testing.

Empiricism

Challenges the notion of multiple interpretations, favoring direct, observable facts.

Emphasizes the importance of firsthand experience and sensory perception in acquiring knowledge.

Perspective on Action Research: Rejects multiple realities and interpretations.

Knowledge through direct observation.

Dialectical Materialism

Aligns with the contextual and socially situated nature of action research.

Emphasizes the dynamic interplay between ideas and material conditions.

Perspective on Action Research: Consistent when producing knowledge based on concrete social contexts.

Views knowledge production in specific historical and social contexts.

Pragmatism

Aligns with the practical, problem-solving focus of action research.

Emphasizes practical consequences and the utility of knowledge.

Perspective on Action Research: Corresponds to the focal point of action research.

Unites knowledge and reality through experimental practice.