A group in the experiment where a variable is not being tested
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein filaments located within the cytoplasm of a cell
Golgi apparatus
An organelle which helps package protein and lipid molecules
Endoplasmic Reticulum
There are two different types;
Smooth ER-do not have ribosomes attached
Rough ER-has ribosomes attached
A combination of membranes within a cell which help with the movement of proteins and other molecules
Ribosome
The part in a cell responsible for making proteins
Vacuole
In animals: helps to store wanted substances and get rid of unwanted substances
In plants: helps maintain water balance
Lysosome
They break down the excess or "worn-down" parts of the cell
A membrane-enclosed organelle which contains the digestive enzymes
Cell Membrane
The phospholipid bilayer which acts as a barrier and protects the cell from unwanted materials/helps with the transport process of materials in and out of the cell
Nucleus
Important organelle of a cell
Membrane-enclosed organelle which contains the chromosomes
Chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis takes place
Contains chlorophyll
Found only in plant cells
Mitochondria
A membrane-bound organelle
The powerhouse of the cell which provides energy to the rest of the cell
X-Ray Crystallography
Subtopic
A method used to identify the different arrangements of atoms using a crystal
Electron Microscope
A scientific instrument used by projecting electrons in order to properly examine and magnify a microscopic specimen
Micrometer
A type of measurement used to measure the thickness or diameter of a microscopic object
Food System
Example the bunny eats the grass and the fox eats the bunny for energy
A web like structure explaining the process in which organisms are used and consumed
Heterotroph
Organisms that consume other organisms for energy and nutrients like humans
Autotroph
An organism that can produce its own food like plants through photosynthesis
Double Helix
The physical structure in DNA formed by two complimentary strands of nucleotides which are bonded together by hydrogen bonding and the nitrogenous bases connecting with their complimentary base
Potential Energy
The energy previously stored for use throughout the body
cAMP
A hydrophilic molecule used to transport messages throughout the cell
FAD
Accepts high energy electrons and carries them to the electron transport chain to help with the synthesizing of ATP molecules
Involved/used in cellular respiration
NADP+
Found naturally in the body and is used to regenerate energy for the body to use
NAD+
An electron carrier used to help temporarily store energy during cellular respiration
ATP
Source of energy used for storage and providing energy at the cellular level
Deoxyribose
A pentose sugar which is important in the making of DNA
Ribose
A simple sugar (carbohydrate)
Nitrogenous Base
There are purines: adenine and guanine and pyrimidines: thymine, cytosine and uracil
The nitrogenous bases in RNA are adenine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine
Adenine pair with uracil and guanine pairs with cytosine
The nitrogenous bases in DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine
Phosphodiester Bond
A chemical compound which contains an ester bond and a phosphate group
Nucleotide
Composed of 3 parts; the nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate group
Create the rungs of the ladder in DNA
Transmembrane Protein
A special type of integral protein
A protein which stretches across the whole width of a cell membrane
Glycoprotein
A molecule which contains a protein and a carbohydrate
Glycolipid
Lipids with a carbohydrate attached which are attached to the cell membrane
Controlled Variable
Something that is not changed throughout the whole experiment
Dependant Variable
A variable that relies on other variables
Independant Variable
The variable which is manupulted or changed during an experiment
Mosaic
Cells within the same organism have different genetic material
Bilayer
A double layer made up of molecules or atoms which are closely packed together like a phospholipid bilayer
Micelle
Particles formed by the combination and bonding of molecules that are water loving/hydrophilic and they create a "ball-shape"
Phosopholipid
A main part of the outer layer of an animal cell: the phospholipid bilayer containing 2 hydrophobic tails and a hydrophilic head
Ester Linkage
A bond formed between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid
Amphipathic
An example of an amphipathic structure is a phospholipid bilayer as it contains both a non-polar fatty acid tail and a polar head
A chemical structure containing both non-polar and polar segments
Steroid
A group of lipids with a specific chemical structure; a cyclical structure made up of rings of carbon atoms
Triglyceride
A type of lipid found in your blood made due to your body converting the calories you consume into these triglycerides
Glycerol
A colourless, odourless, and transparent liquid made from carbohydrates/the natural fermentation of sugars
Fatty Acid
The foundation of fats in our body and that we eat
Wax
A long chain of non-polar lipids
Hydrophilic
Example: The hydrophilic heads of a phospholipid bilayer
Parts of a molecule that mix well with water/is not afraid of water
Hydrophobic
Example:the hydrophobic fatty acid tails of a phospholipid bilayer
Parts of a molecule that do NOT mix with water/are afraid of water
Fair Test
A test where the independent variable is changed but the controlled variables are kept the same
Quaternary Structure
The combination of several protein chains/subunits
Tertiary Structure
The 3D structure/arrangement of the polypeptide chains in a protein
Secondary Structure
The H-Bonds create alpha-helix and beta-pleated sheets
Contain amino acid chains that are stabilized through hydrogen bonds from the proteins polypeptide backbone
Hormone
These messages are carried through your blood to your organs, skin, muscles, and every other type of tissue
They provide the coordination for different functions throughout the body
Chemical substances which act like messengers throughout the body
Neurotransmitter
They bind to neurotransmitter receptors which cause ion channels to open or close
A chemical messenger which allows neuron's to communicate with each other throughout the body
Receptor
A receptor is a molecule that is in or on a cell which will bind to a specific substance causing a specific effect to the cell
Polypeptide
A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids linked together
Peptide Bond
A peptide bond happens when the carboxyl group from an amino acid molecule is bonded with an amino group from another amino acid molecule
Side/R-Group
A chemical group that is attached/linked/bonded to the main part of the molecule called the chemical backbone
Amino Acid
Essential; your body does not make them and they need to be obtained from your diet
Non-Essential; your body creates them naturally
There are 20 amino acids that your body needs; 9 essential and 11 non-essential
There are two different types of amino acids your body needs; essential and non-essential
Essential Amino Acid
There are 9 essential amino acids
Amino acids that can not be made by the body and need to be obtained from your diet
Macronutrient
There are 4 macronutrients; carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts for the body to do it's jobs properly
Polysaccharide
Similar to a oligosaccharide where it is a long chain of small carbohydrate molecules (monosaccharides) linked together
Oligosaccharide
Carbohydrates with two or more monosaccharides bonded together
Disaccharide
Formed when two simple sugars also known as monosaccharides combine together creating a more complex sugar through glycosidic linkages
Polymer
An example of a polymer is cellulose
Created due to the bonding and combining of monomers
Monomer
Small molecules that bond together to make a more complex group of molecules also known as a polymer
Glycosidic Linkage
A type of linkage which bonds a carbohydrate molecule to another group
Isomer
Two or more molecular compounds that have the same chemical formula but a different arrangement of atoms
Monosaccharide
the simplest version of both carbohydrate and sugar
Carbohydrate
A macronutrient and is a sugar molecule
Essential Nutrient
These nutrients are obtained from the foods you eat, your body does not make them on its own
There are 6 essential nutrients; vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins and water
Hydrogen Bond
A specific type of dipole-dipole bonding between molecules
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
The forces between molecules
Polarity
Non-Polar molecules: the atoms have the same charge/the charge is distributed across the molecule evenly
Polar molecules: the atoms have opposite charges/the charge is not distributed across the molecule evenly
The relationship between two molecules bonds
Functional Group
A specific group of atoms that provide specific characteristics for the molecule in which they are attached to
