Pedagogies for the Teaching and Learning of writing and designing
Process Based Approach (PBA)
Based on the 'real world'
Professional writers use preparation, editing and collaboration before publishing (Trupe 2001, ¶1).
Based on research done into how professional writers write (Trupe 2001, ¶1).
Important features of PBA
writing-as-a-process can be taught’ (Gocsik 2005, ¶ 4).
Uses dialoge as a teaching technique (Gocsik 2005, ¶ 4).
Uses real-world Examples and experiences (REFERENCE)
Focus on qualitive not quantitive (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.172)
Focuses on Meaning, Purpose and Audience (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.172).
Circular and recursive (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.178).
ownership and choice valued (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.174). (Walshe, 1981, p.9)
Ownership causes students to be more motivated and more work is completed as an outcome.
Not sequential; writers can begin anywhere
Recognised child's scribbles and drawings were early stages of writing (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.173).
Drawings/ scribbles convey meaning
'Doesn't address the social practises of writing' (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.192)
Enables students to succeed independently through communicating about their writing by getting them to talk about their writing at every step of the writing process (Gocsik 2005, ¶ 4).
The process (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.178).
- Stimulus/Respones
-Pre-writing
-Drafting
-Revising
-Editing
-Proofreading
-Response from peers, adults, teachers
- Publishing
Student/Teacher Conferences (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.174).
Types of conferences that are commonly used in the classroom context (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.180)
Publishing conference
Small teaching Groups
Group Conferences
Individual Conferences
Refered to as the 'Conference Approach
Allows students to have a sense of ownership
Conference run by the student
Three stages of writing process (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.172)
The stages
Post-writing
3.Writers' reflection on the experience
2. Readers' response
1. Publication
Despatched to intended audience
Drafting
Pre- writing
- Incubating
-Rehearsing
-Researching
-Discussing
Top- Down approach
Meaning/Purpose/audience
revising/rewriting
Editing/publication
Handwriting/presentation
punctuation
spelling
Grammar
Focuses on meaning then moves to the surface level of grammar, spelling, punctuation etc.
Syntax later
Semantics first
1980: Transition from skills based approach to focus on the process (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.172).
Skills Based Approach (SBA)
Assessment
Prescribed topics with deadlines. (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.174).
'Methology based on observation and collection of work samples' (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.172)
Quantative (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.172)
The traditional/historical way of teaching writing (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.169)
Popular until around the 1980's (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.169)
Surface features: spelling, grammar, punctuation, neatness are a focal point (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.169)
Important features of SB Approach
Implicit teaching (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.171)
Pre-schooling, students were believed not to be able to write (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.174).
Scribbles and drawings - not considered writing
Focuses on skills needed to write: handwriting, spelling, grammar and punctuation. (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.169)
Negatives
Students not from Anglo Saxon Backgrounds were disadvantaged (Ansty & Bull 2004, p.171)
Bottom up theory (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.170)
Handwriting, grammar, punctuation, spelling
Compositon, Sentences construction, Paragraph construction
Meaning
Writing
Taught from simple to complex (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.108)
First develop skills then meaning (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.169)
Value of language and writing
The study of English 'creates confident communicators, imaginative thinkers and informed citizens' (ACARA 2011)
The study of English would be impossible without language and writing.
The ability to communicate is foundational part of humanity
Ability to use language and writing effectively, is highly valued in society (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.189).
21st Century
Students are faced with many different contexts in which to write: Social media sites, instant messaging, blogging, emails and texting (Lenhart et al 2008, ¶ 1).
The Age of Composition (NCTE 2009, p.5)
Writers become writers through what could be called, 'an extracurricular social co-apprenticeship' (NCTE 2009, p. 5)
People are writing more than ever (NCTE 2009, p.1)
Genre Based Approach
'language is a system of sound and signs for making meaning' (TESL 2011, ¶ 3)
Emphasis on semiotic systems and how they're used in the construction of meaning (TESL 2011, ¶ 3).
Important features of GBA
Influenced by purpose and context of writing (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.189).
Effective construction of text is a powerful tool for success in life (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.189).
Text progresses from social contexts
Structure of all genres taught (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.189).
Genre teaching benefits (Hayland 2004: 10-11)
Consciousness raising. 'Increases teacher awareness of texts and confidently advise students on their writing'
Explicit. 'Makes clear what is to be learned to facilitate the acquisition of writing skills'
Critical. 'Provides the resources for students to understand and challenge valued discourses'
Empowering. 'Provides access to the patterns and possibilities of variation in valued texts'
Supportive. 'Gives teacher a central role in scaffolding student learning and creativity'
Needs-based. 'Ensures that course objectives and content are derived from students needs'
Systematic. 'Provides a coherent framework for focusing on both language and contexts'
focuses on how purpose, social context, sturcture and linguistic features are connected.
Also known as the functional approach to teaching writing (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.189).
Sequence of writing (Anstey & Bull 2004, p.190).
Immersion
Modelling
Real-world examples and experiences
Joint Constuction
Independent Construction
Reflection
