przez ERLIS EDINSON BARBOZA ORTIZ 1 rok temu
213
MACROECONOMIA
przez ERLIS EDINSON BARBOZA ORTIZ 1 rok temu
213
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V. Conclusion
Exchange Rates - value of one currency relative to another
Floating Exchange Rates - exchange rates determined by market forces of supply and demand
Fixed Exchange Rates - exchange rates set by governments and maintained through intervention
Trade Agreements - agreements between countries to facilitate trade and reduce barriers
Subsidies - financial support given to domestic industries to promote competitiveness
Quotas - limits on the quantity of imported goods
Tariffs - taxes imposed on imported goods
Economic Growth - promoting sustainable and balanced economic growth
Full Employment - achieving maximum employment levels in the economy
Price Stability - maintaining low and stable inflation rates
Central Banks and Monetary Policy Tools - actions taken by central banks to control money supply and interest rates
Discount Rate - interest rate charged by central banks on loans to commercial banks
Reserve Requirements - regulations on the minimum amount of reserves banks must hold
Open Market Operations - buying and selling of government securities to influence money supply
Public Debt - accumulation of government borrowing over time
Taxation - levying taxes on individuals and businesses to generate revenue
Government Spending - use of public funds for goods
and infrastructure projects
services
Cyclical Unemployment - unemployment caused by downturns in the business cycle
Structural Unemployment - unemployment caused by a mismatch between skills of workers and job requirements
Frictional Unemployment - temporary unemployment due to job transitions and search for new employment
Trade-off between Inflation and Unemployment - policymakers face a trade-off between reducing unemployment and controlling inflation
Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment - inverse relationship where low unemployment leads to high inflation and vice versa
Financial Crises - disruptions in the financial system that impact economic activity
Supply Shocks - unexpected changes in production costs or availability of inputs
Changes in Aggregate Demand - shifts in consumption
investment
Trough - lowest point of economic activity before a recovery
Contraction - period of declining economic activity and negative growth
Peak - highest point of economic activity before a downturn
Expansion - period of increasing economic activity and growth
Reduction in Poverty - improved living conditions and decreased inequality
Increased Job Opportunities - creation of new jobs and reduced unemployment rates
Higher Standards of Living - increased income and consumption opportunities for individuals
Technological Innovation - development and adoption of new technologies
Investment in Human Capital - education
and health of the workforce
training
Investment in Physical Capital - acquisition of machinery
and infrastructure
equipment
Technological Progress - advancements in technology that increase productivity
Capital Stock - total amount of physical capital available for production
Labor Force - number of people available for work
Net Exports - difference between exports and imports
Government Spending - expenditures by the government on goods and services
Investment - spending by businesses on capital goods and infrastructure
Consumption - spending by households on goods and services
Understanding Economic Indicators
Inflation Rates - measure of price stability and purchasing power of currency
Unemployment Rates - indicator of labor market conditions and economic performance
GDP Growth - measure of economic activity and overall health of an economy
Policy Implications
International Trade Policy - policies related to imports
and trade agreements to promote economic growth
exports
Monetary Policy - control of the money supply and interest rates by a central bank to stabilize the economy
Fiscal Policy - government's use of taxes and spending to influence the economy
Stabilization Policies - actions taken by governments to reduce the severity of economic fluctuations
Business Cycles - fluctuations in economic activity characterized by periods of expansion and contraction
Economic Growth - increase in a country's production of goods and services over time
Inflation Rate - rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising
Unemployment Rate - percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) - total value of goods and services produced in a country
Floating Exchange Rates
Fixed Exchange Rates
Subsidies
Quotas
Tariffs
Full Employment
Price Stability
Discount Rate
Reserve Requirements
Open Market Operations
Cyclical Unemployment
Structural Unemployment
Frictional Unemployment
Trade-off between Inflation and Unemployment
Relationship between Inflation and Unemployment
Financial Crises
Supply Shocks
Changes in Aggregate Demand
Trough
Contraction
Peak
Expansion
Reduction in Poverty
Increased Job Opportunities
Higher Standards of Living
Technological Innovation
Investment in Human Capital
Investment in Physical Capital
Technological Progress
Capital Stock
Labor Force
Net Exports
Government Spending
Investment
Consumption
Stabilization Policies
Business Cycles
Economic Growth
Inflation Rate
Unemployment Rate
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
