Scientific Thinking

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MindMapRA PDSA Cycle

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Biological Evolution and The Darwinian Thoery

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Stephen Krashen's second language theory.

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Mohamed Ashraf AbdElGhany, Rana Zamzam

Scientific Thinking

Main topic

For hypothesis to be reliable:

Unbiased

Quantitative

Testable

Repeatable

Measurable

Empirical

Design Scientific Experiment

Results

Control group, 100 people minumum.

Controlled variable

Independent Variable

Dependent variable

Make a Hypothesis.

Different technologies

How to use powerpoint.

Use Timelines.

Use Mindomo.

Scientific Method

Formulate a theory.

Repeat.

Test.

Predict results.

Hypothesis.

Observation.

5 experimental techniques

Case study

Correlation

Experimental

Survey

Natural observation

Science can be bad or good depending on how we use it.

Example of good: Analysing whether photo was manipulated or not. (Dr. Hani Farid)

Example of good: Trying to discover forged paintings.

Example of bad: Forging paintings

How to think critically:

Tools of Critical thinking

No wishful or hopeful thinking

Empiricism

Rationalism

Skepticism

How to be skeptical:

Separate variables.

Ask if hypothesis is falsifiable

Do not get attached to your hypothesis

More than 1 hypothesis

Knowledgable debate

Independent confirmation of facts

Depth

Relevance

Breadth

Acuuracy

Clarity

Fallacies for Baloney detection

Inconsistency

Misunderstanding of the nature of statistics

Statistics of small number

Observational selection

Begging the question.

Special Pleading.

Appeal to ignorance

Argument from adverse consequences.

Argument from authority.

Ad hominem.

Wrong Sciences

Pathological science

Bad science

Junk science

Pseudo science

Research Methods

Paradigm

Inductive method

Deductive method

In Class

Learn to present infront of class

Getting to know everyone in class makes it:

Make new friends

Comfortable

Fun

Learn to participate.