Approaches to Argument

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Elements of Argument

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Approaches to Argument

Toulmin Model

The warrant

An inference or assumption; a belief or principle that is taken for granted in an argument.

The support

The materials used by the arguer to convince the audience that his or her claim is sound.

The Claim

Policy

Value

Fact

Rogerian Argument

Thesis statement presents a compromise between the two positions

Explains what common ground exists between the two positions

Presents writers views fairly and objectively

Presents opponent's views accurately and objectively

Aritotelian Rhetoric

Ethos

Writers or speakers credibility

Pathos

Emotional appeals of an argument

Logos

The logic of an argument

Deduction

Drawing a conclusion based on probability

Induction

Drawing a conclusion based on examples