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References

Adam, Barbara, Beck, Ulrich & Loon, Joost van (red.) (2000). The risk society and beyond: critical issues for social theory. London: SAGE

Alexander, Jeffrey C. – Smith, Philip. (1996). Social Science and Salvation: Risk Society as Mythical Discourse. Vol. 4. Zeitschrift für Soziologie.

Baker, Tom & Simon, Jonathan (red.) (2002). Embracing risk: the changing culture of insurance and responsibility. Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press

Beck, Ulrich (1992). Risk society: towards a new modernity. London: Sage

Beck, Ulrich (1999). World risk society. Cambridge: Polity Press

Bickerstaff, Karen – Walker, Gordon. (2002). Risk, responsibility, and blame: an analysis of vocabularies of motive in air-pollution(ing) discourses. Environment and Planning A, volume 34, pages 2175-2192

Bovens, Mark (1998). The quest for responsibility: accountability and citizenship in complex organisations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Douglas, Mary (1992). Risk and blame: essays in cultural theory. London: Routledge

Giddens, Anthony. ”Risk and Responsibility” i The Modern Law Review Vol. 62, No. 1 (1999) s. 1-10

Hubbard, Douglas W. (2009). The failure of risk management: why it's broken and how to fix it. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley

Jonas, Hans (1984). The imperative of responsibility: in search of an ethics for the technological age. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Mythen, Gabe (2004). Ulrich Beck: a critical introduction to the risk society. London: Pluto

Perrow, Charles (1999). Normal accidents: living with high-risk technologies. [Rev. ed.] Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Perrow, Charles (2007). The next catastrophe: reducing our vulnerabilities to natural, industrial and terrorist disasters. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press

Sagan, Scott Douglas (1993). The limits of safety: organizations, accidents and nuclear weapons.

Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Univ. Press

Sunstein, Cass R. (2002). Risk and reason: safety, law, and the environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Turner, Barry A. & Pidgeon, Nick F. (1997). Man-made disasters. 2. ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann

Wildavsky, Aaron B. (1988). Searching for safety. New Brunswick: Transaction Books

JUSTICE

Legislation

Effective?

Sufficient?

Accountability/Liability

Bovens: accountability as...

Individual

Collective

Hierarchical

Corporate

System/structure

Media

No one/everyone, "humanity"

MNCs, Companies

NGOs

UN etc

Morality

Responsibility

Bovens: responsibility as...

Virtue

Active responsibility

Task

Capacity

Accountability

Passive responsibility

Cause

Jonas: "Being" vs "Ought to be"

Self-chosen responsibility

Natural & contractual responsibility

Substantive responsibility

Formal responsibility

Snook: Diffusion of responsibility

Fallacy of social redundancy

Douglas: Blame

Credibility

Authorities

Beck: Organized irresposibility

Main topic

KNOWLEDGE

Information

Power

Experts vs. Public

Access to information

Decision making

Multi-criteria decision theory, MCDM

Organizational structure

Communication

Paradigm

Focus on safety

Separation natural &man-made

Now: high risk=high danger

Real/unreal

Subjective

Social constructivism

Mediators

Nation states

Organizations

Individuals

Mass media

Identity

Mythical discourses

Discourse of nature as non-violent

Discourse of security

Apocalyptic discourse

Death

Anxiety

Fear

Objective

Risk management

Wildavsky: searching for safety

Increased safety may increase danger

Hubbard: failure?

Solution?

Focus on community

Adopting the language

4 "horsemen"

Management consultants

Economists

War quants

Actuaries

Hubbard: Risk mitigation

Retain

Transfer

Reduce

Avoid

Hubbard: major problems

Incentive structures

Institutional factors

Incorrect models

Subjective methods

Human errors

Conceptional confusion

Risk calculation

Rationality

Stratification methods

Scoring methods

Probability

Cost-benefit analysis

Precautionary principle

Optimism

High Reliability Theory, HRT

HR-organizations failure free

Trial-& error learning

Collecitve mind

Neutrality

Maximizing Expected Utility, MEU

Pessimism

Normal Accidents Theory, NAT

Perrow: Technological disasters inevitable

Couplings

Tight

Time-dependent processes

Loose

Complex/linear interactions

Organized anarchies

Worst -case scenario

Actual accidents

Combinations natural & man-made

Turner: Origins

Chemical/biological

Explosions/fires

Collapse of structures

Impacts

War purpose

Consequences

"Unknown"

Environment

Human beings

Animal life

Hidden/visible

Expert knowledge

1st hand vs 2nd hand experience

TIME

Turner: Incubation period

Permanent?

Autonomous from history?

SPACE

Global spread

International spread

Regional spread

Local spread

Individual spread

Human activity

Natural risks autonomous?

THEORY

Beck: Risk society thesis

Critique

Euro centrism

Risk society?

Empirical evidence?

Universalistic claims

Origin

Reflexive modernization

Labor

Gender

Class

Wealth

Characteristics

Modernization risk

Double shock

Long time-span

From personal to global

Failure of security management

Individualization

Giddens: External risk

Insurable

Pre-industrial

Unknown but regular

Douglas: Cultural theory

Blame

Social structure

Religion

Western Christianity

"Sin"

DEFINITION

Risk as expected loss

Risk as volatility/variance

Future

Uncertainty

Sagan: "Expecting the unexpected"

Risk-taking

Risk seeking

Risk as opportunity

Neo-liberalism/conservatism

Economic prosperity

Social development

Embracing risk

Risk neutrality

Risk aversion

System theory

Industrialization

Capitalism

Risk as danger