Question B. Paris Agreement

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https://www.google.com/search?q=smart+cities&rlz=1CAJJUF_enES874&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF07mSkfDpAhVPhRoKHVOCA24Q_AUoAnoECBEQBA&biw=1517&bih=734&safe=active&ssui=on#imgrc=Bf1NqnH4yu3yQM

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References: Uejio, C. K., Tamerius J.D, Ahn, Y., & Gonsoroski, E. (2021). Primer on climate science. Global Change and Human Health. Lemery, J., Knowlton, & Sorenson, eds. p 1-19. Ou, Y., Iyer, G., Fawcett, A., Hultman, N., McJeon, H., Ragnauth, S., Smith, S. J., & Edmonds, J. (2022). Role of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions in limiting global warming. One earth (Cambridge, Mass.), 5(12), 1312–1315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2022.11.012

Question B. Some proposed public policies to mitigate or limit greenhouse gas emissions focus on methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gasses instead of carbon dioxide. What is the scientific rationale for these proposals? Discuss the relative merits and limitations of such a policy.

Public policies to mitigate or limit greenhouse gas emissions focusing on methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gasses, but not carbon dioxide.

Limitations (Ou, et al. 2022)

technical and institutional challenges to tracking and reducingnon-CO2 emissions

breadth of monitoring capability may be limited

Merits

Broadens the range of targets for humans to reduce green house gasses (Ou, et al. 2022.)

Reminds people that global warming is not only due to CO2 emissions (et al. Ou, 2022).

Puts into perspective the contribution of all green house gasses to global warming.

non-CO2 GHG emissions in stabilizing climate change and shaping mitigation pathways remains underappreciated.

Allows countries to consider the socioeconomic impact of non-CO2 GHG emissions in a bigger context and to get clser to helping the overall goal of the Paris Agreement to be reached.

Scientific rationale. (Uejio, 2021).

Residence time in the atmosphere for green houses gases differ

Fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFC): 1-270 years

Nitrous oxide (N20): 120 years

Methane (CH4): 12 years

Carbon dioxide: (CO2): 50-200 years

Sources of green house gasses differ

Fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFC): Refrigerants, propellants, fire retardants

Nitrous oxide (N20): Main sources: nitrogen breakdwon by bacteria, fertilizer, industry

Methane (CH4): Main sources: decompensation of organic matter like livestock manure and wetlands

Carbon dioxide: (CO2). Main source: burning of fossil fuels, volcanic eruptions

Difference in global warming potential (GWP) = the amount of warming as the same amount of CO2 per 100 years

Fluorinated hydrocarbons (HFC): GWP = 140-11,700

Nitrous oxide (N20): GWP = 300

Methane (CH4): GWP = 21

Carbon dioxide: (CO2): GWP = 1