Scientific Thinking & Methadology by Esraa

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The components of critical and scientific thinking

Skepticism

Skeptics question truth and reliability; they are the essence of science.

They are not close minded, they simply need core evidence in order to believe

Skeptics are understood wrongly in society

Reasoning

Logical thinking isn't common, but it is key to success in science

Wishful and emotional thinking are far easier, they are unreliable (cannot be justified)

Logical thinking is sometimes painful; it forces us to shatter our hopes

Humans are not born with logical reasoning, it must be disciplined

Evidence

For matters of religion, it is unjustifiable and therefore considered spectral

What is reliable? It is when evidence can be justified and repeated.

Natural evidence is synonymous to empirical (reliable)

Authoritarian evidence is the most common alternative to empircal

However it can also be unreliable

Revelatory Evidence is evidence revealed by supernatural powers (unreliable)

Hearsay evidence is what is heard from another person (unreliable)

Empirical evidence is susceptible to one's senses (reliable)

Critical and Scientific thinking

Personal: Critical thinking is applied in advertisement analysis

Scientific thinking can be applied across many different disciplines

Scientific thinking is the study of nature

Not everyone uses critical thinking

Scientific thinking MUST be used by scientists

Critical thinking is scientific thinking in everyday life

What is Science?

Religion would be "unscientific" since it cannot be justified

Most individuals believe in things that are unjustifiable

Reliable knowledge is one that can be justified

a method of discovering reliable knowledge about nature