From Abstract to Concrete: Exploring the Metaphysical Abstractions

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History of Psychology

af Sophia Riega

Reading Response #1

af Terry Ford

Sample Mind Map

af Patricis Mercado Suàrez

on page 76 Of M.S.F.M, Frankl quotes Nietzsche who says, "he who has a why to live can bear with almost any how" What does this statement mean? Explain how frankl was able to develop initial shock through apathy and to the cultivation to an inner world.

af Michael Mascolo

Therefore, my answer to this question is that I agree with the idea presented by Immanuel Kant as I also believe that human knowledge is limited to our perceptions because we cannot know what we cannot see, meaning that while I believe that it is unlikely that the world we are perceiving is a reflection of an external world and not the actual world, I would argue against myself as there is no way to truly know of the existence of this world, as Kant states. In fact, this also shows that I agree with Berkeley to some extent as his theory also incorporates this idea, but I do not think that no part of the world is material as matter must exist since matter created us and we know that we exist. While I do think perceptions can shape individual realities, I do believe we all share one, material reality which is likely to be the same one we perceive as well, meaning that I think it is likely that the world really exists, but we will never be able to completely know.

Therefore, my answer to this question is that, in terms of the actual definition of what it means to be conscious, I agree with Kant's argument that to be conscious is to be aware of one's own thoughts and the fact that they are developing these thoughts in the first place. In terms of whether I believe that consciousness is strictly mental, as it is the consequence of mental processes, or it is strictly physical, as it is caused by our actual nervous system, I find to believe in both at the same time, thus creating a dualistic view. I cannot deny that consciousness only occurs because of the biology of the body, but I also believe in the mind to not only be physical as mental phenomena are not tangible, thus creating a dualism of mind and body for my answer.

Therefore, my answer to this question is that I entirely agree with Sartre's argument that there is no predetermined meaning of purpose to human existence and while one can make their own meaning through their own associations to the concept, this would still not create a universal meaning. I do not agree with the concept of beatific vision as I find that it emphasizes the afterlife more than the actual life, a major reason alongside the fact that I do not believe in many religious justifications at all.

Therefore, my answer to this question is that I entirely agree with Krauss' arguments due to my perception of science being that of higher validity than religious beliefs, ultimately meaning that I agree what the universe always had matter on even the smallest of levels and that the spontaneous creation of something from almost nothing is not only possible, but is in fact what happened.

Interview Regarding Krauss' Theory Broadcasted on the Television Channel TVO to Create Discussion (Video)

Krauss' Own Work Developed the Philosophical Community by Evoking Critiques and Discussions (2 Links)

Comic Demonstrating the Real World Implications of the Theory

Leibniz's Theories Have Implications on Philosophical Discussions and the Creation of Literature, Even as a Critique Such as in the Candide (2 Links)

Analyses on the Idea of Perception Creating Reality and Limiting Knowledge (Kant's Theory) is Present Within The Truman Show (2 Links)

How the Film Inception Demonstrates Reality Based Only in Perception (Video)

Examples of How Physicalism is Used in the Analysis of Conscience of Robots in Media Even if Not Agreed With Due to Similarities in Biological and technological Functions (2 Links)

Exploration of How Robots in Westworld Are Not Consciousness Since They Cannot Think Alongside Other Theories (1 Link)

Social Media Meme Demonstrating the Real World Implications of the Theory

Social Media Meme Demonstrating Real World Implications of the Theory

How "The Divine Comedy" by Dante Alighieri Connects to Beatific Vision (2 Links)

Other Image Demonstrating Real World Implications of the Theory

How "The Stranger" by Albert Camus Draws upon "Existence before Essence" (2 Links)

The Good Place "The Entire Universe Exists Within the Cosmic Mind" (Video)

How Blade Runner Demonstrates Existentialism and "Existence before Essence" (2 Links).

Consciousness is defined to be the awareness of the process of thinking and its resulting thoughts of oneself, which is why consciousness must be accompanied by the ability to engage in thinking and why it is defined to be a strictly mental process due to being composed of reasoning and perception (effects of being able to think).

There is and can only be the material or physical world because any mental processes, such as perception or consciousness, may influence our idea of the world, but they are the result of our biological make-up and nervous, ultimately making even mental phenomenon, like consciousness, physical in nature.

There is and cannot be a material or physical world because to exist is to be perceived, and what humans perceive are reflection of our mental processes, not the observation of matter, meaning that each individual has their own idea of the world, but there is no external world.

Whether or not the external world (the world which we cannot perceive but which our perceptions are interpretations of) will never be known to us due to our knowledge being limited by what we can perceive, but our personal realities are a result of our subjective experiences.

The reason the there is something rather than nothing is because God is a necessary fact of the universe because God is what created humans, and because it is the intention of God to create the best reality for us (something), this is also a necessary by being associated with another necessary, therefore God reason for the existence of something as it is God's will.

The reason the there is something rather than nothing is because there always has been something (eternal cosmic particles and electromagnetic fields) and if this is this nothing to some, then there is something from this nothing because it is within the laws of quantum mechanics for the spontaneous and eventual creation of something.

Humans create their own meaning of life through experiencing and perceiving with there being no predetermined purpose or meaning of the human experience.

The meaning of life is to perform acts to virtue to prepare for the ultimate union of souls with God in the afterlife.

Italian philosopher, theologian, and priest for the Roman Catholic church during the Medieval era.

French philosopher, playwright, and novelist alive during the Contemporary era.

Contemporary American scientific figure in the media with a background in physics and cosmology.

German philosopher, mathematician, political advisor, and scientist during the Enlightenment era.

German philosopher alive during the Enlightenment era.

Irish philosopher, bishop, and scientist during the Enlightenment era.

German philosopher and physician during the Late Modern era.

British philosopher and physician during the Enlightenment era.

"Consciousness Accompanies Thinking" (Link)

Ludwig Büchner

Physicalism (Video)

John Locke

George Berkeley

Subjective Idealism (Video)

Immanuel Kant

Transcendental Idealism (Video)

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

"God is Necessary" (Linked)

"A Universe from Nothing" (Video)

Lawrence Krauss

Beatific Vision (Linked)

St. Thomas Aquinas

"Existence before Essence" (Video)

Jean Paul Sartre

Focused on the idea of defining existence, especially within the context of subjective and objective existence, defining consciousness, and understanding the relationship between the two.

Space and Time

Dedicated to analyzing, defining, and questioning the existence of space and time with an emphasis on their existence as mental constructs created through human perception.

Existence and Consciousness

Mind and Matter

Committed to analyzing the similarities and differences between physical process of the body (matter) and mental processes (mind) and their relationships to consciousness.

Necessity and Possibility

The comparison of necessary concepts (must be true in all possible realities) and possible concepts (can be true in some realities) and their implications on existence and reality.

Cosmology and Cosmogony

Field of cosmology (the study of the universe) and cosmogony (the study of why or how the universe was created) including their application on the existence of reality and the world.

Religion and Spirituality

Similar to theology by questioning the existence of deities and the spiritual realm, as well as their effects on the physical world, such as divine intervention.

Determinism and Free Will

Two concepts which attempt to explain human purpose and choice, the first being determinism (all events have already been decided) and free will (humans can choose and make their own decisions and even reality).

From Abstract to Concrete: Exploring the Metaphysical Abstractions

Does the world really exist?

What is consciousness?

Why is there something, rather than nothing?

What is the meaning of life?