Module 5 E-Learning

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Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory & Information-Processing Theory

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Module 5 E-Learning

How to Create Worked Examples

Provide clear and concise descriptions of each step

Show each step in the process of solving the problem

Use fully representative problems

Unknowns in Worked Examples

How can active observation be used in workplace learning

How to design and use modeling examples

How does multi-media get worked into the example

Do modeling examples benefit from fading or other strategies

When to use fading rather than self-explananation questions

Used together they seem to cause cognitive stress

Both are effective alone

Worked Examples Definition

A step-by-step demonstration of how to perform a task or solve a problem

Design Guidelines for Worked Examples

Require active comparisons using the varied types of examples

Helps foster abstraction skills

Leads students in understanding similarities

Include self-explanation questions for better results

Helps internalize knowledge

Aids in abstraction skills

Promotes understanding by expecting students to explain the answer

Use varied types of examples to provide additional context

Illustrate the same guidelines in different ways

Helps develop abstraction skills

Principles of Worked Examples

Fade from worked examples to problems

Promote self-explanations

Encourage active observations

Add self-explanation questions to worked examples

Include instructional explanation of worked examples as needed

Mathematical content

When there are no self-explanation questions

Conceptual understanding more important than problem solving

Apply multimedia to examples

Give learners control of the pacing

Present steps in meaningful groups

Present steps with integrated text

Present steps with audio only rather than audio and text

Illustrate worked examples with appropriate visuals

Support learning transfer

far transfer - teaching strategies rather than tactics

Near transfer - the ability to understand how to perform a task based on knowledge of a similar task.

Benefits of Worked Examples

Helps learners develop strategic skills

Help learners build procedural skills such as performing tasks