PLEURAL EFFUSION

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MUSIC AND MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

Szerző: Lucía Iglesias Santos

TYPES OF INSTRUMENTS

Szerző: Arancha Díaz

Major Ensembles

Szerző: Grace Martin

Pulmonary Pathology

Szerző: R G

PLEURAL EFFUSION

Auscultation

Bronchial breath sounds heard over area of effusion

Pleural friction/rubbing

Decreased breath sounds over the effusion

Special tests

Bronchophony shows abnormal vocal resonance

Whispered pectoriloquy: Whispered "1,2,3" is intelligible

Egophony: "E" sounds more like an "A"

Vital Signs

BP: (+/-) elevated due to pain, can also be decreased due to underlying cause

Temperature: Pyrexia >100.4°F

Decreased Oxygen saturation: <95%

Respiratory rate: Tachypnea, >20 BPM

Pulse: tachycardia: HR>100

Percussion

Dullness to percussion

Palpation

Decreased tactile fremitus

Tracheal deviation away from affected side

Chest expansion decreased on affected side

Inspection

(+/-) Accessory muscle use depending on severity of pleural effusion

(+/-) Tachypnea based on size of effusion

(+/-) tripod position

(+/-) Cyanosis, indicating severe hypoxia