5 techniques

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Correlations

Example: Wolves, moose and tree ring width

Disadvantages: no causation proof

relation determination

Fairly accurate

prediction

non-experimentalstatisticalrelation between variablessummarizingdescriptive

Experimental

Example: How birds remember where they stash their seeds.

The studies are done in the highly controlled artificial conditions of the laboratory, that doesn’t reflect the reality.

Used when it is practical and ethical only.

Advantages

Used when it is appropriate, both practically and ethically, to manipulate the variables.

Detect cause-and-effect relationships.

researcher operates the “independent variable,” to see if it causes any changes in the “dependent variable.”

Case Study

Disadvantages

Subtopic

may not be representative of the general group or population

descriptive method, not an explanatory one

Adv.: useful when researchers can not conduct experiment

Ex.: a person's medical record

in-depth records kept by outside observer

nonexperimental, descriptive type of study

Naturalistic Observation

DisAdvantages

the problemof observing without intervening

things can only be observed not explained

takes a lot of time

Adv.: allows researcher to observe in setting where it normally occurs

ex. observing volcanic eruption

no human intervention

researcher observes/records behavior in nature setting.

Survery

DisAdv.: relies on a self-report method of data collection

Adv.: collecting data on aspects of behavior

self-report

descriptive study

choice questions (e.g. True-False) or open-ended questions (e.g. short answer essay)

no involvement from researcher