Objects and processes inside cells

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Glycolysis happens in the cytoplasm

*Transcription and translation can happen simulaneously in prokaryotes

Oxidation of pyruvate molecules to form Acetyl Co-A

Eukaryotic cells contain organelles

Cells belonging to different organs all have the same genes, but, depending on the function of the organ, only some are expressed.

Genes are expensive to express for a unicellular organism

in prokaryotes, operators control whether a gene is on or off

In multicellular organisms, cells need to take on a specific role

Information from DNA is transmitted to RNA

Based on endosymbiotic theory, mitochondria and chloroplasts should have DNA, ribosomes, and proteins.

RNA uses that information to make proteins

Biological Organization

Biosphere

Ecosystems

Communities

Populations

Organisms

Organs and Organ Systems

Tissues

Cells

Prokaryotic

capsule-protection

nucleiod- where DNA is found

pili and fimbrae- help attach to other cells

flagella-for movement

protein synthesis occurs on 50S and 30 S subunits

don't have organelles

Eukaryotic

compartmentalized by membranes.

this helps different organelles perform different functions simultaneously

protein synthesis occurs on 60s and 40s subunits

Organelles

Cell membrane

Controls what goes in and out of cell.

simple diffusion

osmosis

movement of water

facilitated diffusion

small nonpolar ions down a gradient

active transport

G-protein

cell wall

vacuoles

peroxisomes

nucleus

lysosomes

Centioles

Vesicles

Golgi Apparatus

choloroplasts

Ribosomes

ER

Mitochondria

power plant of cell

makes energy by forming ATP

energy made by cell respiration

NADH and FADH enter electron transport chain. They're oxidized to form ATP.

Glycolysis to form pyruvate

cytoplasm

everything inside the membrane

molecules

Polar bonds are hydrophilic.

Nonpolar bonds are hydrophobic.

"Like dissolves like."

Biological molecules

nucleic acids

Made up of individual components known as nucleotides

RNA

DNA

proteins

Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins with different functions

polymers made from monomers

Carbohydrates

starch

Sugars

monosaccharide

suga made of one monomer

dissacharide

sugar made of 2 monomers

polysaccharide

sugar made of many monomers

Lipids

Synthesize hormones and generate energy

triglyceride

lipid made of 2 fatty acids and a glycerol

phospholipid

lipid made of 2 fatty acids, one glycerol, and a hydrophillic head