Psychedelics- drugs that influence perceptions and cause hallucinations due to the effect on the brain.
psychotomimetic drug
Hallucinogen
Inhalation
Intravenous
Sublingual-under tongue
Oral-by mouth, pills
Absorbed in gastrointestinal tract and metabolized in liver.
Once consumed, the drug alters perceptions and mood
It activates receptors in brain, coming in contact with neurotransmitter receptors.
Stimulates seratonin 2A receptor.
FDA Regulation
Controlled Substance Act- schedule 1 drug
CIA Research with LSD
Medical Use-to treat some conditions, such as anxiety and schizophrenia.
Recreational Use-to enjoy oneself, to feel good, to see things differently. fairy tale feeling, etc.
Severe depression
seizures
Overdose
psychosis
body heat rises
increased blood pressue
increased heart rate
dilated pupils
MDMA(molly)
Ayahuasca-type of tea used in indigenous cultures.
DMT-a psychedelic compound that is natural.
Phencyclidine (angel dust)
Mescaline-drug in cactus plant(peyote).
LSD-most potent and comes from a mold or fungus.
Psilocybin (magic mushrooms)
synesthesi-senses intermix and create wild perceptions.
distorted perceptions
nausea
mood changes
flashbacks-having a flashback of perceptual alterations.
anxiety
Altered sounds
Opioids-a powerful drug that comes from opium.
The Heroin Act-heroin production outlawed.
The Opium Exclusion Act-limited opium for smoking (imported opium).
The Opium Wars-between the Chinese and British and Americans. A sort of game between countries for opium for non-medical needs (to help deal with tobacco effects). Sailors kill Chinese citizen, sparking outrage.
Law Against Opium Smoking (China).
1906 Pure Food and Drug Act-to help reverse dependence on opioids.
The Harrison Act-to limit drug use.
Supreme Court decision of 1915-declared smuggled opioids a crime.
Rockefeller Drug Laws-prison sentences for those with a certain amount of possession of heroin.
Opioid Ban in Turkey-to reduce heroin production and supply.
FDA Intervention-opioid manufactures required to provide educational materials in effort to combat the high rates of opioid use (nonmedical)
Intravaneous
Intramuscular
Methadone
fentanyl
acetaminophine
aspirin
inuprofen
Prescription Opioids-hydrocodone and oxycodone
Morphine sulfate
Heroin
Medical Use-used to treat a variety of pain such as arthritis pain, cancer pain, etc, and can be used as an anesthesia.
Recreational Use-used to feel pleasure and relief.
Addiction
injection of morphine
increase in morphine
long-term oral intake
Opioid Overdose-triad (coma, depressed respiration, and pupils pinpointed.
Tolerance-increase dosage due to increased needs for more of drug., such as with pain.
Chronic toxicity-makes person weak on the inside and outside. Ex: sores, mentally weak, blood-borne diseases.
Physical dependence
Withdrawa-nausea, vomiting, pain, misery, etc. l
impaired judgement
Dizziness and confusion
Constipation
nausea/vomiting
Acute toxicity-depressed respiration(slowing of breathing).
Cough suppressants-decreases activity in cough control center.
Intestinal disorders-aids in improving stomach issues, like diarrhea, infections in intestines, colic, etc.
Pain relief- therapeutic properties to ease pain. Drug basically eliminates response to pain.
Bind to opioid receptors in brain and body
Receptors either open or close channels that control pain.
Decrease activity in brain(nerves) to ease pain
Synthetic drug
Narcotic
Painkiller
Benzodiazepines-a depressant drug that works in the Central Nervous System and aids in treatment of many medical conditions.
Insuffliation-snorting
Oral (pill form)
Intravenous injection
respiratory depression
Abnormal heart rate
Reactions in skin
Nausea and vomiting
Cardiac Arrest- if drug is given at a rapid pace and the heart can't handle it.
Withdrawal symptoms-may arise after discontinuing the drug, causing many effects, such as blurred vision and panic attacks, etc.
Abuse
Dependence-due to prolonged use of this drug, which can have some major consequences.
Tolerance
Headache and hangover feel
Hallucinations
Restlessness and irritability
Death-possible fatal consequences if combining this drug with another drug.
Cognitive Effects-changes in one's ability to think and reason.
Antergrade amnesia
Dizziness
Drowsiness and feeling of tiredness
Activity begins in CNS
Occupy GABA-A receptors
Regulate brain functins
Open GABA channels
Neurons negatively charged
Center for Disease Control- established guidelines for benzodiazepines, requiring black box warnings on labels.
Department of Health-requires use of triplicate prescriptions to help control abuse.
Medically regulated by doctors, such as the drug as not recommended for pregnant women.
Ativan
Librax
Onfi
Valium
Alprazolam (Xanax)
Medical Use-used to treat medical conditions, such as seizures, panic attacks and anxiety, for relaxation in surgery, therapy (alcohol withdrawal) etc.
Recreational Use-to feel better and relax.
Meth-stimulant drug that affects central nervous system, increasing levels of neurotransmitters.
Pills
Crank
Crystal "ice"
Powder
Releases lots of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, in brain
Pleasurable sensation as a reaction
Increases activity in CNS
Irritability
Long-term
Addiction-effects of drug wear off quickly, causing withdrawal symptoms, and thus, needing more of the drug, leading to physical and psychological dependence.
Tolerance-as result of needed more of the drug to get the desired effect of "high."
Cardiovascular collapse
Kidney Failure
Overdose-effects pass rapidly, causing sweating, increased heart rate, and other threatening conditions.
Rotten teeth
Convulsions
Stroke
Damage to blood vessels in brain
Short-term
Increased Heart Rate
Increased respiration
Hyperactivity
Twitching
poor appetite
Skin sores
Sudden weight loss
US Drug Abuse and Regulation Control Act of 1970-aimed to outlaw drug in order to protect users.
Limited access-has lowered meth-related issues, such as arrest.
Controlled Substance Act-brought awareness to the harmful effects
FDA Approval-only for certain conditions where meth can help treat it.
Mental Confusion
Decreased appetite
alertness
agitation
Hyperthermia
Insomnia
Anxiety
Inhalation-smoking
Injection
Oral-pills
Insufflation-snorting
Medical Use-may be used to help treat certain medical conditions, such as ADHD.
Recreational Use-used as a way to feel good and get high.
Tobacco: drug made from the leaves of a tobacco plant that contains nicotine.
Nicotine poisoning- nausea, dizziness, tremors, etc.
Respiration-may increase or decrease depending on the dose.
Hunger-inhibition of hunger and taste.
carboxyhemoglobin-high levels in regular smokers.
Constriction of blood vessels
Body Temperature May Decrease
Increased Blood Pressure
Relaxation-also can calm bodily processes
Depedence- nicotine makes smokers come back for more and is a dependence-producing substance in tobacco.
Alertness-feeling awake and focused due to nicotine and thus, boosting performance.
Both a stimulant and a depressant
FDA Regulation-to regulate tobacco as a drug and in specific ways. Requires companies to communicate with FDA.
A healthier option-tobacco companies advertising a new and "safer" cigarrette.
The Council for Tobacco Research-established to study the health effects of using tobacco.
Women banned from using tobacco in the early 1900s as a way of protecting them.
No Smoking Signs-to limit smoking in public places and regulate health of society.
Tobacco is consumed and absorbed, often in the mouth and lungs, then it travels through bloodstream.
Stimulates release of adrenaline and dopamine.
Deactivated in the liver where the drug is broken down by enzymes.
Oral Cancer-possibility for cancer to develop in the gum, tongue, esophagus, and many other places in the mouth, especially from chewing tobacco under the lip.
Pregnancy-fertility problems and complications associated with tobacco use, such as miscarriage and a low birth rate.
Lung disease-chronic disease as a leading factor in smoking deaths.
Cardiovascular disease-smoke effects heart and blood vessels.
Premature death-too much smoking can take lives at a young age.
Lung Cancer-accumulation of tar and smoke in lungs, leading to lung disease and cancer.
Altered sense of tase/smell-can numb certain senses
Shortness in breath
Coughing-natural reaction to inhaling smoke from a cigarrette
Fatigue
Gross Breath-chemicals from smoke left in mouth.
Inhalation (smoking)
Oral (chewing tobacco)
E-cigs-electronic cigs aimed to be a safer alternative. Also known as vaping
Pipes-tube that burns tobacco while being inhaled
Cigars-a mix between a cigarrette and chewing tobacco.
Cigarrettes-most common form.
Smokeless tobacco-chewing tobacco-tobacco is placed in mouth and spit out after.
Medical Use-used to heal in traditional medicine and ability to treat headaches(migraines), colds, flus, etc.
Recreational Use-smoking in public, used during parties, etc.
Caffeine: a drug that affects the central nervous system and is a popular psychostimulant. It is often a natural substance.
Inhalation (caffeine powders)
Orally (drinking coffee, caffeine pills, etc)
Long Term
Dependence-reinforcing properties in caffeine may cause psychological dependence.
Caffeinism-drinking too much caffeine, which can cause numerous symptoms, such as nervousness, insomnia, palpitations, etc.
Heart Disease-due to increased heart rate and blood pressure.
Reproductive effects-birth defects such as miscarriage, slow fetal growth, etc.
Cancer-increase possible risk of pancreatic cancer but not likely.
Short Term
Increased blood pressure
Increased heart rate
Effects
Weight loss
Brain effects-affects adenosine receptors.
Withdrawal effects-headache, tiredness, fatigue, etc.
Fatigue-as a sign of withdrawal.
"Sobering up"-makes drunk people seem more awake, but still drunk.
Hyperactivity-improved activity depending on the dose.
Headaches-relieves headache pain, but may cause headaches as a sign of withdrawal.
Stimulation-better performance on daily tasks. However, to much may be harmful.
Travels through bloodstream and reaches the brain
Then it affects adenosine receptors, blocking adenosine.
Aids in binding of dopamine
Some religions regulate caffeine by banning it.
Caffeine content must be labeled on products.(in the ingredient list)
Unregulated for the most part
Stimulant
Recreational Use-socializing in coffee shops, morning routine, afternoon pick-me-up, etc.
Medical Use-to treat drowziness and pain.
Common Forms
Pills-over the counter pills that contain caffeine.
Soda-carbonated beverages that contain lots of caffeine.
Energy Drinks-caffeine loaded drinks high in sugar and other substances.
Tea-delicate drink produced from plants with different aromas.
Chocolate-a "food of the gods" from the chocolate tree.
Coffee-brewed from coffee beans to create a drink.
Cannabis:Plant with leaves and hairs also known as marijuana.
Inhalation (smoking joint, vaping)
Sublingual (under tongue)
Topical (applied to skin, eyes, nose, etc)
Oral (edibles)
Medical Use-may aid in the relief of certain medical conditions, such as cancer and Alzheimers disease.
Recreational Use-any use without medical permission. Ex: Users getting "high"
Subjective Effects-euphoria, high, more appetite, relaxed, etc.
Talking-decreases verbal interactions.
Appetite-increased food intake and cravings.
Cognitive Effects-slowed cognitive processing, decreased performance, effects on short term memory, loss of concentration, etc. Brain-imaging
Abuse Potential-self administration.
Physical facial effects: dry mouth and redding of eyes.
Cardiovascular Effects-increased heart rate, blood pressure.
How it Works
When consumed, THC is absorbed into blood and distributed to brain, which produces the euphoric feeling. Eventually, it reaches the rest of the body.
Legalization- adults can legally consume marijuana depending on their state.
Age 21- the legal age for most states, but some are as low as 18.
The Marijuana Tax Act-taxes on the grower, the seller, and buyer to reduce use. Made it hard to even find the drug.
Immune System-impairs functioning , more prone to infections and diseases.
Phsychosis-some marijuana use has caused psychotic reactions.
Physiological Effects-increased heart rate and concern for those with certain disorders to smoke marijuana.
Anxiety-increased anxiety and panic attacks and fear.
Vaping-a new form of inhaling aiming to reduce toxicity, but not enough information is known yet.
Chronic Lung Exposure-lung diseases with long time use of marijuana, such as cancer.
Abuse and Dependence
Both a depressant, a hallucinogen, and a stimulant.
Alcohol: Compound produced after fermentation that is an intoxicating liquid.
Routes of Administration
Injection (to veins)
Oral (beverages, food)
Concerns
Buying and selling alcohol illegally
Alcohol Use Disorder-disease due to loss of control from drinking.
Withdrawal: Alcohol Dependence-tremors, hallucinations, delusions, seizures, etc.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome-abnormalities in baby due to mother's alcohol use.
Cancer-in mouth, tongue, liver, lungs, etc.
The Immune System-more prone to diseases such as tuberculosis, yellow fever, etc.
Heart Disease-damage to heart muscle, high blood pressure and stokes.
Liver Disoders-fatty liver and Cirrhosis
Brain Damage-damage to brain tissue can cause diseases such as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.
Hangovers-waking up to abdominal pain, headaches, etc.
Alcohol Poisoning-acute and chronic toxicity due to too much consumption in little time.
Violence-assault, crimes, date rape drug, suicide.
Driving Under the Influence (DUI)-a significant danger of drinking and driving, leading to fatal crashes.
Effects on Body and Mind
Peripheral Circulation-body looses heat with dilation of peripheral blood vessels, causing coldness and even shock.
Fluid Balance-lower vasopressin output, lower blood pressure.
Hormonal Effects-effects hormonal systems like adrenal corticosteroids, male sex hormone, etc. Also cause hormone disorders.
Blackouts-too much alcohol causes individual to pass out and forget.
Sexual Behavior-alcohol can enhance sexual interest.
How it works
Once consumed, it travels through bloodstream, getting absorbed in it. It waits until it is metabolized.Then it reaches the organs and the brain. The small intestine is the major point of absorption. When it reaches the liver, it is broken down. Alcohol is distributed through bodily fluids.
Regulation
Taxation-federal taxes on beverages to gain money, which lead to decrease use.
The Temperance Movement-movement where people were encouraged to drink beer and wine responsibly but no hard alcohol. This means no distilled spirits, like vodka, and beer and wine in moderation.
Prohibition-state prohibition laws to control drinking. Became real in the 18th Amendment, starting prohibition across country.
Classification
Depressant
How it's used
Recreational Use-socializing, parties, etc.
