6 Kingdoms
5 connections
- Protists and plante; green algae as ancestor and photosynthesis
- Connection to how cephalization between phyla was selected
- Internal fertilization in Platyhelminthes and mammals
- Bryophytes reproduce in water with spores like fungi
- Gram negative more resistant to antibiotics; how through evolution also carried onto some protozoans
Animalia (Eukaryote)
Chordata
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Coelom; completely lined; mesoderm layer
- Triploblastic
Characteristics
- In deuterostomes; blastopore=anus → later mouth
Subphyla:
Urochordate - tunicates
Cephalochordate - filter feeders
Characteristics
- Presence of hair
- Viviparous; live birth
3 orders
Order Pinnipedia
- Fin-footed for propulsion
Seals and Walruses
Order Proboscidea
- Nose modified into long boneless trunk
Elephants
Order Cetacea
- Extra capillaries in the lungs
- Fusiform-shaped body; virtually hairless
Whales and Porpoises
3 major groupings with reproductive strategy
Placental mammal
Characteristics
- placenta organ; connect mother and baby
- Otter, Humans
Reproductive Strategy:
- develop inside mother's body, until body systems can function alone
Marsupial
Characteristics
- Continue to develop inside the pouch
- Kangaroos, Koala
Reproductive Strategy
- Birth to babies that are not completely developed
Monotremes
Characteristics
- Only one body opening for waste and eggs to pass
- Alive today=spiny anteater & platypus
Reproductive Strategy:
Vertebrates
Classes
Mammals
Reproductive tract; humans - dolphin
- 4 chambered heart
- Endothermic
Aves
All birds
- 4 chambered heart
- amniotic egg
Reptilia
Turtles, lizards
Characteristics
- 3 chambered heart
- amniotic egg
Amphibia
Frogs, toads
- 3 chambered heart
- return to water to reproduce
Osteichthyes
Bony fish; tuna - salmon
Chondrichthyes
Sharks, Rays
Agnatha
Primitive
2 superclasses
Gnathostomata (jawed)
Agnathans (jawless)
Examples:
Echinodermata (starfish)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Coelom; completely lined; mesoderm layer
- Triploblastic; deuterostome
Characteristics
- five part body plan
- CaCO3 platelets
Reproduction
- Sexual; some asexual-disk division
Arthopoda (insects)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Coelom; completely lined; mesoderm layer
- Triploblastic
Characteristics
- protostomes; mouth first
- Joint appendages; exoskeleton+chitin
- molt
Reproduction
- sexual & internal using appendages
- Unfertilized eggs
Subphyla
• Myriapoda
Classes:
- Chilopoda - Centipedes; 15+ trunk seg.
- Diplopoda - Millipedes; 11-100 trunk seg.
- Pauropoda - small, millipede-like
- Symphyla - Garden centipedes
Characteristics
- Two body sections
- One pair of antennae on the head.
• Crustacea
Classes:
- Malacostra - Crabs
- Maxillopoda - Barnacle
- Branchiopoda - Fairy shrimps
- Ostracoda - Seed shrimp
Characteristics
- Mandibles; compound eyes
- Biramous appendages
• Hexapoda
Classes:
- Insecta - Butterfly; 3 body segm.
- Entognatha - Apterous; wingless - Springtail
Characteristics
- Metamorphosis
- Mandibles and maxillae
• Chelicerates
Classes:
- Arachnida - Spiders
- Merostomata - Horseshoe crab
- Pycnogonida - Marine; sea spiders
Characteristics
- six pairs of appendages
- Chelicerae and Pedipalps mouth parts
- No mandibles and no antennae
Mollusca (snail/oysters)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Coelom; completely lined; mesoderm layer; triploblastic
Characteristic
- Protostomes; blastopore=mouth
- invertebrates; mantle and foot
Reproduction
3 major classes
• Cephalopods
- Complex brain; Cephalization
- Closed circulatory system
Example: Octopus; force water out from mantle cavity
• Bivalves
- Do not have well formed head
- Open circulatory system
Example: Clams; no radula
• Gastropods
- Well developed head; cephalization
- Open circulatory system
Example: Snail; light sensing organs at the end of tentacles
Annelida (segmented worms)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Coelom- completely lined; mesoderm layer
- Complex internal organs; muscular gut (intestines)
Characteristics
- Triploblastic; Protostomes
- Chaetae; hairs of chitin
Reproduction
- Sexual; sometimes asexual
- Gonochoristic or Hemaphroditic
Nematods (roundworms)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Tissues and organs germ layer-mesoderm.
- Pseudocoelomate- not perfectly layered
Characteristics
- Triploblastic; protostomes
- nervous system; nerve ring
Reproduction
- sexual; copulatory spine open
Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Tissues + organs; germ layer-mesoderm
- Acoelomate
Characteristics
- Triploblastic; Protostomes
- Parasitic; few free-living
Reproduction
- fairly advanced degree of cephalization
Cnidaria (jellyfish/coral)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- Mouth no anus (gastrovascular)
- - coelom
Characteristics
- Polyp; sessile; single opening (the mouth)
- Medusa; motile; mouth
Reproduction
- Asexual; budding or Sexual; gametes
- some degree of cephalization
Porifera (sponges)
Symmetry
Body Cavity
- None (pores)
- Diploblastic animals; outer dermal layer and the inner gastral layer.
Characteristics
- Marine; some freshwater
- Asexual reproduction; budding, fragmentation - Sexual reproduction; gametic fusion
Plante (Eukaryote)
- Stomata; gas exchange
- Guard cells - At night; close stomata
- Tropisms; stimulus
4 Phyla
Bryophyta
- No vascular structure; rhizoids, attach the mosses to a surface (moist areas)
- Stop reproducing when dried out
Hylocomium splendens; Mountain fern moss
Filicinophyta
- Full-sized roots and leaves; produce spores
- Some are aquatic or even grown on other trees
Lady fern
Coniferophyta
- Stand both the heat and cold
- Produce cones and needles or spiky leaves.
Pine; cones & spikes
Angiospermophyta
create flowers to reproduce, or flowering plants
Dicots
Cabbage; veined leaves
-Cotyledon; stores nutrients
Monocot
Corn; parrallel veins; seed (one cotyledon)
Adaptations
- Nutrient + Water Transport
- Vascular tissue
Reproductive Strategies:
- Sexual; use of seeds
- Asexual; using parts other than seeds
- Xylem – water + minerals; roots to other parts
- Phloem – transport of sugars & larger molecule
- Cell walls made of cellulose
- Store food in the form of starch
- Develop from embryos
- Evolved from chlorophyte algae; green algae (a protist)
Fungi (Eukaryote)
4 Major Phyla
Produce spores; asexual and sexual life cycles; non motile
Yeast are unicellular and divide into new fungal cells (mitosis); sexual or asexual
Water moulds; zoospores; asexual and sexual
Zygomycota; sexual and asexual
Mushrooms let out spores; meet other spores and become a new fungi; Sexual rep.
Mycotoxins; spore-borne toxins made by fungi
harmful to vertebrates and other animals
- No chlorophyll – non photosynthetic
- Most multicellular; some unicellular
- Cell walls made of chitin; Heterotrophic
Protists (Eukaryote)
3 Main Groupings
Fungus-like
- Decomposers, like fungi
- Can move, like animals
- Unicellular; heterotrophs
Water moulds; freshwater
Great Potato Famine
parasites of plants or fish
Plant-like
+ chlorophylls – photosynthetic
- Single-celled or multicellular
Diatoms
eg. phytoplankton
containing chlorophylls; undergo photosynthesis
- single-celled, colonies
- (make ½ of oxygen on planet)
Protozoa (Animal-like)
- Single-celled, heterotrophs; motile
- Reproduce; binary fission or conjugation
Giardia; from contaminated water causes “beaver fever”
Flagellates: Some move with flagella; binary fission
- ALL protists are aquatic
- Able to move (motile)
Eubacteria (Prokaryote)
- Gram-Positive bacteria (A); thick layer; purple
- Gram-Negative bacteria (B); thin layer; pink
3 Major Morphologies
- Pathogen; disease-causing microorganism
- Once it gains entrance to body, it will produce toxins harmful to host
Sprillium&Spirochetes (spiral shaped)
Sprilllium is thick and rigid aquatic
infection caused by the bacterium Spirillum minus; transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected rat
Bacillus (rod Shaped)
nonmotile gram-negative; rat bite fever
Coccus (circular shape)
Streptococci are gram-positive aerobic; pneumonia
- Cell walls with peptidoglycan
- Aerobic or anaerobic
- Binary Fission;(asexual)
- Conjugation; (sexual)
- Photosynthetic Bacteria → autotrophs
- Chemosynthetic Bacteria → heterotrophic
Archaebacteria (prokaryote)
1 Example; Methanogens
- Coccus and bacillus
- Consume CO2 and H and release CH4
Defining Characteristics
-Anaerobic: without oxygen
-No peptidoglycan in cell walls
Extremophiles - tolerate
extreme conditions like
