Halides

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Thomson Tube

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Gums and Stabilizers

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Chemcial/ionic bonding

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Molecules & Ions

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aluminium-oxides

Iron-Oxides

Goethite

Gibbsite

pH-levels

releasing vs apsorption of H+

OH-groups

Ph-dependent charge

CEC

resistent to hydration

octhedral in interlayergap

Expansion when heated

Presence of water and cations in interlayer gap

surface area: Fixed vs interlaygap

Effective charge

Negative permanent charge

Isomorphous sub

Divalent vs trivalent cation

Swelling from hydration

Strength of intermolecular bonding

Framework silicates (3D)

Layer silicates (Micas)

Evaporites

2:1:1 Layer

Chlorite

2:1 layer

Illite

Smectite

vermiculite

1:1 layer

Kaolinite

OH-groups(octahedral) and O^-2 group (tetrahedral)

Hydrogen vs vanderwalls

K+ in the interlayer gap

Na-feldspar

K-feldspar

Tetrahedral

Oxides

single chain (pyroxenes)

Double chain (amphiboles

single, non polymer silcate (olivines)

polymer structure

Octahedral

need for extra cations to negate the charge

Feldspar

Low-level

Low negative permanent charge

Difference in Al+3 and Fe+ ion size

Sulfides

native elements

Phosphates

Sulfates

silicates

Carbonates

-4 charge from oxygen pr. cation

Isomorphous sub Si+4 -> Al3+

Quartz

Clay

Halides