Stuttering

Stuttering is a complex and mysterious speech disorder marked by frequent and prolonged stoppages in the flow of speech, impacting fluency. It can lead to significant emotional responses such as embarrassment, surprise, fear, and frustration, causing individuals to limit their participation in social, academic, and professional settings.

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Stuttering

Physical Characteristics

Core behaviors

Blocks: "blockages" of airflow or voicing of speech

Prolongations: Sound or airflow continuation but movement of the articulators is stopped

Repetitions: A sound, syllable, or single syllable word that is repeated several times

Reduced verbal output

Secondary behaviors

Avoidance behaviors: Anticipated and recalls negative experiences had when stuttering

Interjections such as "uh"

Changing the word wanted to say

Escape behaviors: When a speaker is stuttering and attempts to terminate the stutter and finish the word

Eye blinks

Head nods

Interjections of extra sounds such as "uh"

Physical tension or struggle

Emotional Responses

Fear

Surprise

Embarrasment

Frustration

Stutterer may limit themselves

In school

In social situations

At work

Theories

Behavioral Inhibition System: Hypothesizes that when an individual experiences frustration or fear, their innate response is freezing, flight or avoidance

References Guitar, B. (2012).Stuttering: an integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Introduction to stuttering. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Guitar, B. (2012).Stuttering: an integrated approach to its nature and treatment. Theories about stuttering. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Asha.org

Sensory-Motor Modeling: Hypothesizes that individuals who stutter have less bidirectional fiber tracts between sensory and motor areas

Communicative Failure and Anticipatory Struggle theory: Hypothesizes that stuttering emerges from a child's experiences of frustration and failure when trying to talk

Stuttering