CELL MEMBRANE

Więcej takich

Organigram

przez Noe Dimitri

Biology-Unit 1

przez Adam Hicks

Cell Transport

przez Kathryn Sipe

Cell Transport

przez NasJ 84

CELL MEMBRANE

Function

Biomolcules

Nucleic acids

DNA

Translation

protein synthesis

Transcription

coding strand

Template strand

nucleotide bases

Uracil

cytosin

Guanine

thymine

Adenine

RNA polymerase

RNA

mRNA

codons

tRNA

Anticodons

Amino acid

polypeptide chain

5' to 3'

DNA Replication

Identical DNA

Proteins

examples

• Collagen
• insulin
• hemoglobin
• enzymes

lipids

Triglyceride

Cellulose

Cholesterol

Carbohydrtaes

Glucose

fermentation

Alcohol

2 Net ATP

Lactic acid

2 net ATP

oxygen

Cellular respiration

``````````

Coenzymes

FADH2

NADH

Electron transport chain

ATP Synthase

6 H20

2 FAD

32 ATP

10 NAD+

Krebs cycle

2 FADH2

4CO2

6 NADH

2 ATP

pyruvate oxidation

Acetyl CoA

2CO2

Glycolysis

4 ATP

2 NADH

Cell signalling

The specific structure of the cell membrane helps in the process of signalling

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

nerve signals

Nueron

Action potential

Hyperplarization

Reporalization

Resting membrane phase

Deporalization

central nervous system

Spinal cord

Brain

Hypothalamus

Feed back loops

positive feed back loop

• The areola's nerves are stimulated by baby suckles.

• Oxytocin is released by the pituitary gland in the brain.

• Milk-producing cells force milk into ducts in response to oxytocin.

• It is the nipple that releases milk.

• More sucking results in more milk being released, creating a positive feedback loop.

negtaive feed back loop

• After eating, blood glucose levels rise.
• The pancreas releases insulin, which helps cells absorb glucose and signals the liver to store glucose as glycogen.
• As a result, blood glucose levels decrease back to normal.
• When blood glucose levels drop too low, the pancreas releases glucagon, which signals the liver to convert glycogen back into glucose, raising blood glucose levels.
• This cycle maintains homeostasis, keeping blood glucose levels within a normal range.

neural pathways

Autonomic nervous system

sympathetic

norepinephrine/epinephrine.

fight or flight

parasympathetic

Acetylcholine

neurotransmitter

synapse

neuron axon terminal

axon terminal

rest or digets

pituray gland

Transport

Examples of things that are transported into the cell membrane are:

• Glucose
• Sodium
• potassium
• uncharged molecules
• charged molecules
• polar and non-polar substances
• macromolecules

Passive

Osmosis

water

Photosyntheisis

Light Reactions (in thylakoid membrane):

• Use light energy and water (H₂O).
• Produce ATP and NADPH (energy carriers).
• Release oxygen (O₂) as a by-product.

Calvin Cycle (in stroma):

• Uses CO₂, ATP, and NADPH.
• Produces G3P (a sugar precursor).
• G3P is used to make starch (storage) or sucrose (export).

glucose

light independent reaction

ATP

NADPH

CO2

Light dependent reaction

NAD+

chlorophyl

H2O

light energy

Facilitated diffusion

Simple diffusion

Active

Structure

Phospholipid bilayer

integral Proteins

They allow molecules like glucose and oxygen to enter the cell, the same way carbon dioxide and water need to exit through the proteins in the membrane, which helps facilitate their movement.

target cells

protein receptors

Glands

Sodium potassium pump

ATP

mitochondria

Aquaporins

water reabsorption

Kidney

Nephrons

loop of Henle

convulated tubule

fluid balance

hormones

glomerulus

Blood

Bownsman capsule

filtrate

distal tubule

urine

carrier proteins

channel proteins

Hydrophobic tail

Hydrophilic head