przez Monika Urbanczyk 2 lat temu
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Deserts & Xeric Shrublands
przez Monika Urbanczyk 2 lat temu
347
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Arabian
Arabian Peninsula
Covered almost entirely by sand; has some of the most extensive stretches of sand dunes in the world. Plants: acacia, oleander, saltbush.
Australian (Great Sandy, Victoria, Simpson, Gibson, and Sturt)
Australia
Great Sandy, Victoria, and Simpson are sandy; Gibson and Sturt are stony. Plants: acacia, casuarina tree, eucalyptus, saltbush, spinifex grass.
Chihuahuan
North Central Mexico and Southwestern United States (Arizona, New Mexico, Texas)
High plateau covered by stony areas and sandy soil. Many mountains and mesas. Plants: cacti, chihuahuan flax, creosote bush, lechuguilla, mesquite, mexican gold poppy.
Kalahari
Southwestern Africa
Covered by sand dunes and gravel plains. Plants: acacia, aloe.
Mojave
Southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada)
Covered by sandy soil, gravelly pavement, and salt flats. Plants: creosote bush, desert sand verbena, joshua tree, mesquite.
Monte
Argentina
Covered by sand and soil. Plants: cardon cactus, creosote bush, paloverde.
Sahara
Northern Africa
Covered by mountains, rocky areas, gravel plains, salt flats, huge areas of dunes. Areas in the central sometimes get no rain for years at a time. Plants: acacia, grasses, tamarisks.
Sonoran
Southwestern United States (Arizona, California) and parts of Mexico (Baja Peninsula, Sonora).
Covered by sand, soil, and gravelly pavement. Gets more rain than any other North American desert. Plants: agave, coulter's globemallow, creosote bush, desert mariposa lily, mesquite, ocotillo, paloverde, saguaro.
Thar
India and Pakistan
Majority of desert covered by sand dunes; rest covered by gravel plains. Plants: acacia, euphorbias, grasses, shrubs.
Ecoregion territory (light green, straddling border of Iran and Turkmenistan)
Great Sand Sea,
Rebiana Sand Sea,
Idehan Ubari
part of Oman
Arabian stone/mixed desert
Arabian sand desert
Sandstone
Venezuela
Chakwal canyon, PK
Succulent Karoo xeric shrublands
Nama Karoo shrublands
Gariep Karoo
Somalia
Aldabra is the world's largest raised coral atoll
first version
Gravel Plains
Soil
Salt Lake and Barren Biome
Islamabad office
wasteland
Kalgoorlie Region - Australia
Sand
Wadi Rum - Jordan
also desert
Sukkur - Thar Desert - PK
Oceano Dunes SVRA - California
Sand Dunes - Colorado
m
Tanami Desert
SAHARA
http://atlas-sahara.org/index.html
http://atlas-sahara.org/flore/_flore/_flore.html?cat=index
SOUTH SAHARA DESERT
WEST SAHARAN MONTANE XERIC WOODLANDS
WEST SAHARA DESERT
NORTH SAHARAN XERRIC STEPPE AND WOODLAND
NORTH SAHARAN XERIC STEPPE AND WOODLAND
EAST SAHARA DESERT
PAKISTAN
SOUTH IRAN NUBO-SINDIAN DESERT AND SEMI-DESERT
to check:
Hingol National Park
SMAL PLANTS
Cleome amblyocarpa
Heliotropium
Cornulaca arabica
Neurada
Anastatica
Stipagrostis
Scirpus
Rhanterium
Zilla
Tetraena
Suaeda
Salsola
Seetzenia africana
Cassia italica
Suaeda aegyptiaca
Hammada salicornica
Acacia pachyceras
Avicennia marina
REGISTAN-NORTH PAKISTAN SANDY DESERT
to check
the eco-region covers the large semi-desert region of southern afghanistan including the registan Desert and the Siestan Basin. it combines all of Freitag’s (1971, 1972) semi-desert communities in the south-western part of the country. this includes the Haloxylon salicrnicum Semi-de-sert, calliginum-artistida Semi-Desert, chenopodiumrich and amygdalus Semi-Desert communities. Dasht-e-nawar Flamingo and waterfowl Sanctuary is not legally protected by the afghan government and the insecurity that charac-terizes the area limits the realization of practical conserva-tion measures
Indus Valley desert
Thal Desert
BALUCHISTAN XERIC WOODLANDS
67% of the territory is bare or sparse vegetation. %9 is shrubland, 8% is herbaceous vegetation, and 9% is cultivated cropland.
Below 1,500 meters, the vegetation is steppe in character. From 1,500 to 2,000 meters is found montane open forest of Pistachio trees (Pistacia atlantica), Wild almond (of genus Prunus), and Barberry (Berberis). Lower brush includes Honeysuckle bush (of genus Lonicera), Sage (Artemisia (genus) spp.), and Pashtun juniper (Juniperus macropoda). At higher altitudes there is a transition zone of Sclerophyll trees (woody brush with hard leaves). At still higher elevations are the isolated alpine meadows of other ecoregions.
Allium
Tulpa
Iris
communities:
perennial grasses
tropical shrubs
Leguminosae
Rhamnaceae
Tamaricaceae
Bromus
Poa Anua
Tamarix
Gramineae
Dodonaea viscosa
Lycium,Solanaceae
Sage
Artemisia maritima
Artemisia genus
Honeysuckle Busch
Salvadora
Acacia
Acacia modesta
Acacia arabica
Olea
Olea cuspidata
Juniper
Pashtun juniper
Juniperus macropoda
Juniperus semiglobosa
Barberry (Berberis)
Wild Almond
Pistacia Atlantica
SOIL
uneven limestone
filled with lacustrine clays, gravel, or boulder
pedocals
gypsum
THAR DESERT
OTHER PLANTS
FLOWERS / HERBS
Bekario/ Heartleaf indigo
Johnson grass
Typha
Phragmites
Saccharum spontaneum
Panicum antidotale
Cynodon dactylon
Mimosa aculeaticarpa
catclaw mimosa or the wait-a-minute bush, and is endemic to upland regions of Mexico and the Southwestern United States, particularly Arizona, New Mexico and Texas
Tree/shurbs with horny branches....
shurbs or smal trees
Maytenus emarginata
Googal/mukul myrhh
Clerodendrum phlomidis
Suaeda fruticosa
Moringa concanesis
Sargado/bitter drumstick
Salvadora oleoides
Kharo jaal/bada peelu
Tecomella undulata
Rohira
Jaal/peelu/dhalu/toothbrush/mustard tree
Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Cordia sinensis
Ziziphus nummularia
Ziziphus mauritiana
Jujube
Balanites roxburghii
Hingot/hingoto/hingua/hingorni/desert date
The Thar’s desert sands overlie Archean (early Precambrian) gneiss (metamorphic rocks formed between 4 billion and 2.5 billion years ago), Proterozoic (later Precambrian) sedimentary rocks (formed about 2.5 billion to 541 million years ago), and more-recent alluvium (material deposited by rivers). The surface consists of aeolian (wind-deposited) sand that has accumulated over the past 1.8 million years.
The soils consist of several main groups—desert soils, red desertic soils, sierozems (brownish gray soils), the red and yellow soils of the foothills, the saline soils of the depressions, and the lithosols (shallow weathered soils) and regosols (soft loose soils) found in the hills. All those soils are predominantly coarse-textured, well-drained, and calcareous (calcium-bearing). A thick accumulation of lime often occurs at varying depths. The soils are generally infertile and, because of severe wind erosion, are overblown with sand.
Sand dunes
e.g.
Lal Suhanra National Park
Eolian sand
River Red Gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis)
Blue Bush (Maireana sp.)
Prickly Wattle (Acacia victoriae)
Dead Finish (Acacia tetragonophylla)
Copperburrs (Sclerolaena sp.)
Saltbush (Atriplex sp.)
SHURBS
GROUND
http://www.basinandrangewatch.org/DesertPavement.html
Biological soil crust in
.
Sand from Pismo Beach, California. Components are primarily quartz, chert, igneous rock, and shell fragments.
Sand from Coral Pink Sand Dunes State Park, Utah. These are grains of quartz with a hematite coating providing the orange color.
FLOWERS
LICHES
MOSSES
FLOWERS, HERBS, PLANTS
Ceratolimon feei
Battandiera amoena
Citrullus colocynthis
Cistanche tubulosa
Cistanche tubulosa is a holoparasitic desert plant species in the genus Cistanche.
GRASS
Stipagrostis pungens
Lygeum spartum
Lygeum spartum, commonly called esparto grass, cord grass
or albardine, which is distributed in arid areas around the Mediterranean Sea
Eragrostis
Eragrostis is a large and widespread [genus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus) of plants in the [grass family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poaceae), found in many countries on all inhabited continents and many islands.
Eragrostis is commonly known as lovegrass or canegrass.
Crotalaria burhia
Crotalaria burhia is a herb found in north-west India, mainly in the Thar desert region.
Sporobolus
Sporobolus marginatus
Desmostachya bipinnata
Desmostachya bipinnata, commonly known in English by the names halfa grass, big cordgrass, and salt reed-grass, is an Old World perennial grass, long known and used in human history.
Desmostachya bipinnata is native to northeast and west tropical, and northern Africa (in Algeria, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Tunisia); and countries in the Middle East, and temperate and tropical Asia (in Afghanistan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Thailand)
Dichanthium annulatum
Common names include marvel grass, Diaz bluestem, Kleberg bluestem, Hindi grass, ringed dichanthium, sheda grass, medio bluestem (var. papillosum),jargu grass, Delhi grass, vuda bluegrass, two-flowered golden-beard, Santa Barbara grass (English language), pajón, yerba de vias (Spanish language), hemeira, abu qasaba (Arabic), alabang grass, lindi (Philippines), pitilla (Cuba), climacuna (Colombia), song tha'o to (Vietnam), ya Hindi, ya waen (Thailand), vleivingergras (var. papillosum) (South Africa), zu-uc (Mexico), ebastan (Mali), and lukh (Suda)
In India, where it is very important in agriculture, it has many common names, including karad,[2] bansi, daroya, gawat, janewa, jinjva, loari, marvalyan hullu, palvan, sam payen, zinjoo, and zinsma.
It is native to tropical Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa. It has been introduced to many other parts of the world for cultivation, and it has become naturalized in some places, such as Australia
Cenchrus
Cenchrus biflorus
Common names include Indian sandbur, Bhurat or Bhurut in India, Haskaneet in Sudan, Aneeti in the Arabic dialect of Mauritania, K 'arangiya in the Hausa language of Nigeria, and Ngibbi in the Kanuri language of Nigeria. In the francophone countries of the Sahel, it is usually referred to as "cram-cram" .
Distribution
Native:
Africa: Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Kenya; Somalia; Sudan; Tanzania
Asia: India; Iran; Pakistan; Yemen
Naturalized: Elsewhere in dry tropics and subtropics
Cenchrus ciliaris
Cenchrus ciliaris (buffel-grass or African foxtail grass; syn. Pennisetum ciliare (L.) Link) is a species of grass native to most of Africa, southern Asia (east to India), southern Iran, and the extreme south of Europe (Sicily). Other names by which this grass is known include dhaman grass, anjan grass, koluk katai and buffelgrass
Cenchrus setigerus
Common names
Africa: buuyyo harre (Gabra, Kenya); garbi (Somalia); heskaneit (Sudan)
Asia: aebaed (Arabic); darab, sabat (Qatar); cước ven biển (Vietnam)
English: birdwood grass, cow sandbur (English)
Indian subcontinent: anjan, anjan ghash, black kolukattai, cenchrus ghash, garbi, haniteeb, kãlã-dhãman, kata -dhaman, kalanjan, marwar dhaman, moda dhaman, mode dhaman grass, motha dhaman, yaraab, yarrah, yerrah, yerro (India); anjan, dhaman gaa (Pakistan)
Lasiurus scindicus
Lasiurus is a genus of Asian and African plants in the grass family, Poaceae, found primarily in arid regions.The only known species is Lasiurus scindicus, native to drier regions of northern Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Mali to India
Dactyloctenium scindicum
Dactyloctenium is a genus of Asian, African, and Australian plants in the grass family.[1] A common name for the plants is crowfoot grasses
Dactyloctenium scindicum - This species is accepted, and its native range is Egypt to Kenya and NW. India.
Ochthochloa
Ochthochloa is a genus of desert plants in the grass family native to the Sahara and Arabian Deserts
The only known species is Ochthochloa compressa.
Stipa capensis
Stipa capensis, the Mediterranean needle-grass, cape rice grass, Mediterranean steppegrass or twisted-awned speargrass, is an annual grass.
Panicum turgidum
It is a plant of arid regions across Africa and Asia, and has been introduced to other parts of the world.
It is common across the Sahara and Arabia, from Senegal to Pakistan, and known by a number of common names, most widely as Taman, tuman, or thaman in Egypt and Arabia; merkba or markouba in Mauritania and some Saharan Arabics; and afezu in Tamachek. Other common names include guinchi (eastern Sahara) and du-ghasi (Somalia). It grows on sand dunes in hot, dry climates, and will also grow in latosols.
Cyperus conglomeratus
This species is accepted, and its native range is W. Tropical Africa to NW. India and W. Indian Ocean
SHRUBS
Distribution also includes Sahara
more alternative
Grewia tenax
Anabasis salsa
Hyoscyamus muticus
Salsola tetragona
Limonium pruinosum
Ephedra fragilis
Ephedra fragilis, commonly named the joint pine, is a species of Ephedra that is native to eastern Mediterranean region of southern Europe and Northern Africa, and from Madeira and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic.
Its habitats are rocky hills and stone walls, where it grows to 6 feet
Thymelaea microphylla
Zilla spinosa
Launaea arborescens
Frakenia
Halocnemum strobilaceum
It is native to coastal areas of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea and parts of the Middle East and central Asia, where it grows in coastal and inland salt marshes, alkali flats, and other habitats with saline soils.
Chilopsis linearis
Desert-willow
Nannorrhops
Nannorrhops ritchiana, the Mazari palm
It is native to southwestern Asia, in the historical region of Balochistan, from the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula east through Iran and Afghanistan to Pakistan, growing at altitudes of up to 1600 m
Seidlitzia stocksii
Seidlitzia stocksii is distributed in Afghanistan, Pakistan and West India (Punjab, Rajasthan), where it grows on sandy or loamy saline soils (halophyte) and limestone hills.
Vernacular name: It is locally known as khar, meaning salty.
Leptadenia pyrotechnica
Euphorbia caducifolia
Occurs mostly in Asia also Spring Valley, California
Common name: Leafless Milk Hedge • Hindi: Danda-thor • Telugu: Katte jemudu
Ephedra
Ephedra - the genus is found worldwide, in desert regions, but not in Australia.
Ephedra lomatolepis is a species of Ephedra that is native to Kazakhstan and to the Tuva region of Siberia.
Salsola orientalis
Distribution: for sure in Pakistan...
Dipterygium glaucum
Dipterygium glaucum Decne.
Synonyms
Dipterygium scabrum, Pteroloma arabicum, Pteroloma glaucum
Common names
Alqa, Cleome pallida Kotschy
Distribution also includes Pakistan
Mimosa hamata
Tetraena fontanesii
Zygophyllum fontanesii - Accepted Scientific Name: Tetraena fontanesii
Origin and Habitat: Western Sahara, Morocco, Mauritania, Senegal, Islas Selvagens, Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro), Cape Verde Islands (Santo Antao Isl., Sao Vicente Isl., Ilha de Sao Nicolau, Sal Isl., Ilha da Boa Vista, Ilha de Maio, Ilha de Sao Tiago, Fogo Isl.).
Haloxylon
shurbs or smal trees
Haloxylon and its species are known by the common name saxaul.
The genus Haloxylon is distributed in southwest and Central Asia, from Egypt to Mongolia and China
Commiphora wightii
Commiphora wightii, with common names Indian bdellium-tree, gugal, guggul, gugul, or Mukul myrrh tree, is a flowering plant
Cornulaca monacantha
Cornulaca monacantha - It is a desert plant found in the Middle East and the Sahara, and the southern end of its range is considered to delineate the edge of the desert. In Arabic it is known as had and djouri, and the Tuareg people call it tahara.
Capparis decidua
Capparis decidua, known in Hindi as karira or kerda.
It is a small much branched tree or shrub of arid regions in Africa, Middle East and southern Asia, including the Thar desert.
Calligonum
https://v3.boldsystems.org/index.php/Taxbrowser_Taxonpage?taxid=648048
Calligonum polygonoides
Calligonum crinitum
Aerva javanica
Aerva javanica - the kapok bush or desert cotton, is a species of plant in the family Amaranthaceae.
TREES
Phoenix dactylifera
Date palm
Pistacia
Salvadora persica
Salvadora persica (arak, jhak, pīlu, Salvadora indica, toothbrush tree, mustard tree)
Ziziphus jujuba
Ziziphus jujuba, commonly called jujube, red date, Chinese date, is a species in the genus of Ziziphus (some of whose other species are also sometimes referred to as jujube), in the buckthorn family
Calotropis procera
Calotropis procera - Common names for the plant include Apple of Sodom, Sodom apple, stabragh[citation needed], king's crown, rubber bush and rubber tree
Tamarix aphylla
Tamarix aphylla - The species has a variety of common names, including Athel tamarisk, Athel tree, and Athel pine
Vachellia nilotica
Vachellia nilotica (commonly known as gum arabic tree,
babul, thorn mimosa, Egyptian acacia or thorny acacia)
Vachellia jacquemontii
Prosopis cineraria
Prosopis cineraria, also known as ‘Ghaf, It is also the state tree of
Rajasthan (where it is known as Khejri), Western Uttar Pradesh (where it is known as Chhonkara) and Telangana (where it is known as Jammi) in India, Shami, Khijro, Janti and Jand.
khajri tree
TERRAINS
The principal topographical features of the Sahara include shallow, seasonally inundated basins (chotts and dayas) and large oasis depressions; extensive gravel-covered plains (serirs or regs); rock-strewn plateaus (hammadas); abrupt mountains; and sand sheets, dunes, and sand seas (ergs).
Dunes mobiles
Fezna (gps: 31.5255, -4.5122)
https://www.beautifulworld.com//wp-content/uploads/2016/10/khuri-sand-dunes-jaisalmer.jpg
Mharech (gps: 30.8966, -4.6244)
Haroun (gps: 31.3152, -4.1960 - altitude: 750m)
Sandy plain
https://cdn.britannica.com/47/155947-050-C17B1363/Scrub-vegetation-Thar-Desert-India-Rajasthan.jpg
Gorges
Gorges du Guir (gps: 32.028296, -3.787062)
Gorges du Guir (gps: 32.031480, -3.782308)
Mountain slopes
Jdayed (gps: 30.8462, -4.1713 - altitude: 700/900m)
Reliefs atlasiques
Piémonts de transition
BeniBassia (gps: 32.2632, -3.2082, altitude 1100m)
Zagora à Rissani (gps: 30.4219, -5.6113)
Mfis (gps: 31.0152, -3.9164 - altitude: 700/800m)
Guelta | Amda
Hamada | Gara
hamada de Boudnib (gps: 31.9471, -3.5383)
Gourrama (gps: 32.3280, -4.0252)
hamada du Guir (gps: 31.8035, -3.3354)
hamada de Meski
Erg | Dunes
Erg: desert of fixed dunes of which only the superficial sand is constantly reshaped by the wind.
Sidi-Ali (gps: 30.7913, -4.7919)
xxx
Sidi-Ali (gps: 30.7913, -4.7919)
Piste-Ouzina-Tafraoute-SidiAli (gps: 30.6792, -4.5942)
Erg Znaigui (gps: 30.9799, -3.9398).
Erg Chebbi (gps: 31.1948, -4.0252)
Merzouga
ErgChebbi (gps: 31.1948, -4.0252)
Sebkha, chott | Salt lake
Sebkha: floodable depression whose bottom is covered with a salt crust where no vegetation grows.
Chott: edge of the sebkha, covered with vegetation of salt tolerant plants.
Sebkhas and chotts are found south of the Tafilalet, in the flood bed of the Ziz wadi. Where the water only passes and deposits silt, we have maader; but where water accumulates, stagnates and then evaporates and deposits dissolved mineral salts, there are sebkhas and chotts.
La sebkha de Jdayed
Jdayed
Taouz (gps: 30.9437, -3.9793 - altitude: 680m)
Merzouga (gps: 31.0990, -4.0068)
Haroune
Haroune (gps: 31.3170, -4.1889 - altitude: 750m)
Taouz
Chaaba | Takat | Ravine
n mountainous areas, ravines collect runoff water during brief and violent floods. The bed of the wadi is most often made up of large boulders and devoid of vegetation. Trees and bushes preferentially grow at the limit between the bed of the wadi and the foot of the scree. The slopes of the ravines - like the krebs - offer a wide variety of exposures and micro-environments favorable to a sparse but varied flora.
BeniBassia-Bouanane
Tazougarte
Daya | Doline
Dayet, pl. daya: circular basin that collects rainwater on the regs or on the hamadas, when the slope is too low for drainage lines to be created.
Dayas vary greatly in size: from a few meters to a few hundred meters in diameter. After rains, their loamy soil can retain moisture for weeks to months.
Tadighoust
Hamada de Boudnib
Boudnib
Subtopic
Mengoub
Ain-Beni-Mathar (gps: 33.6978, -1.9748)
The extreme south-east of Morocco and the Algerian foothills of the Saharan Atlas were strewn with large dayas wooded by Atlas Pistachio and Jujube trees.
LANDFORM
https://www.vincentmounier.com/album/aerial/
some planing
AUSTRALASIA
NEARCTIC
NEOTROPICAL
PALEARCTIC / INDO-MALAYAN
INDOMALAYAN
PALEARCTIC
AFROTROPICAL
