Genetic Engineering

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Process of Genetic Engineering

extra notes

TRANSFORMATION

Conjugation is the contact of bacteria that involves the exchange of DNA with a mating tube.

Electroporation is the use of an electric shock to momentarily open or disrupt cell walls.

Competent cell is a cell that is capable of taking up DNA

Process of introducing recombinant DNA into bacteria

LIGATION

Donor cell is the cell that provides the new DNA fragment for the recipient cell

recipient cell is the cell that is reviewing the 'new' DNA

uniting attaching two DNA fragments

General procedure of Cloning Process

5.Selection of positive recombinants

4.Transformation: recombinant plasmids back to the bacterium

3. Ligate digested plasmids with insert(use ligase) > recombinant plasmid

2.insertion of gene into plasmid

1.use restriction enzyme to digest/cut the plasmid(MCS)

Common Features of cloning vectors

Antibiotic resistant gene

for selection of positive transformants

Multiple Cloning Site(MCS)

for insertion of the gene of interest

Promoter

A sequence of bases in a nucleic acid strand,that serves as a signal to start transcription

Field of Application

agriculture

create genetically-modified crops or genetically-modified organisms

industry

transforming microorganisms such as bacteria,yeast,insect mammalian cells with gene coding for a useful protein

research

organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes eg:Dolly(sheep)

medicine

drugs

vaccines

human albumin

follistim(for teating infertility)

human growth hormones

produce insulin