EX. Those toys are dirty.
Esos juguetes están sucios.
(Esos/as, aquellos/as)
It is used when we talk about more than one element that is at a certain distance from the speaker.
THESE
EX. These shoes are old.
Estos zapatos son viejos.
(Estos/as)
It is used when we talk about more than one element that is a short distance from the speaker.
The demonstrative determiners in English do not distinguish between gender (masculine / feminine) but number (singular / plural).
THAT
EX. That boy is my cousin.
Aquel chico es mi primo.
(Eso/e/a, aquel, aquello/a)
It is used when we talk about a single element that is at a certain distance from the speaker.
THIS
EX. This vase is very expensive.
Este jarrón es muy caro.
(Esto/e/a)
It is used when we talk about a single element that is a short distance from the speaker.
Demonstrative determiners are mostly used to specify or designate people, animals or things based on their proximity or remoteness taking into account the speaker's position
