Vertebrates

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Universal Ancestor* DNA as Genetic Storage* Ester Bonds in Cell Membranes

Common Ancestorof Archaea and Eukarya* Histones Present

Eukarya* Presence of Membrane-Bound Nucleus* Presence of Membrane-Bound Organelles

Unikonta

Opisthokonta* Single posterior flagellum on swimming cells* Absorptive heterotrophy

Common ancestor ofFungi and Nucleariids

Nucleariids

Nucleariid(Nuclearia thermophila)

Fungi* Multicellularity* Chitin cell wall* Zygotic life cycle

Fly Agaric(Amanita muscaria)

Black Bread Mold(Rhizopus stolonifer)

Common ancestor ofAnimalia and Choanoflagellates

Choanoflagellates

Choanoflagellates(Desmarella moniliformis)

Animalia* Multicellularity* Mobility* Gametic life cycle

Eumetazoa* Tissues

Bilateria* Bilateral symmetry* Triploblasty* Cephalization

Protostomia* Spiral and determinate cleavage* Blastopore becomes the mouth

Ecdysozoa* Ecdysis

Arthropoda* Modified appendages that are jointed and come in pairs

Common ancestor ofHexapoda and Crustacea(Pancrustaceans)

Crustacea* Highly specialized appendages* Two pairs of antennae

Chesapeake Blue Crab(Callinectes sapidus)

Hexapoda* Have wings without sacrificing any legs

Monarch butterfly(Danaus plexippus)

Chelicerata* Clawlike feeding appendages which serves as pincers or fangs

Southern Black Widow(Latrodectus mactans)

Nematoda* Roundworms

Roundworm(Caenorhabditis elegans)

Lophotrochozoa* Trochophore larvae* Lophophore

Platyhelminthes* Flatworms* Acoelomates *blind gut

Rhabditophorans* Fresh water and marine species

Free-living Rhabditophorans

Pseudobiceros sp.

Cestoda* Parasites

Pork Tapeworm(Taenia solium)

Trematoda* Parasites

Sheep Liver Fluke(Fasciola hepatica)

Common ancestorof Annelida and Mollusca

Mollusca* Soft-bodied organisms with hard protective shells

Bivalva* Shell divided into two hinged halves

Soft Shell Clam(Mya arenaria)

Cephalopoda* Foot has become modified into a muscular excurrent siphon and part of the tentacles* No hard shell

Humboldt squid(Dosidicus gigas)

Gastropoda* Move at a snail's pace by a rippling motion of their foot or by means of cilia

Golden Apple Snail(Pomacea canaliculata)

Annelida* Body resembles a series of fused rings

Common Earthworm(Lumbricus terrestris)

Deuterostomia* Radial and indeterminate cleavage* Blastopore becomes the anus

Common Ancestor ofHemichordata and Echinodermata

Echinodermata* Water vascular system

Holothuroidea* Lack spines

California sea cucumber(Apostichopus californicus)

Echinoidea* No arms

Purple Sea Urchin(Strongylocentrotus purpuratus)

Ophiuroidea* Flexible arms

Serpent Star(Ophiura ophiura)

Asteroidea* Arms with tube feet that resemble suction cups

Giant Sea Star(Pisaster giganteus)

Chordata* Notochord* Hollow dorsal nerve cord* Post anal tail* Pharyngeal slits

Vertebrata* Vertebral column* Cranium* Cartilaginous skeleton

Gnathostomes* Jaws* Bony skeleton

Osteichthyes* Lungs/lung derivatives

Tetrapods* Limbs with digits

Amniotes* Amniotic egg

Mammalia* Hair* Milk* Endothermy

American Black Bear(Ursus americanus)

Reptilia

Birds* Endothermy

Roseate spoonbill(Platalea ajaja)

Crocodilians

American Alligator(Alligator mississippiensis)

Turtles

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas)

Lepidosaurs

Green Anole(Anolis carolinensis)

Amphibia

Red Eyed Tree Frog(Agalychnis callidryas)

Lungfishes

Leopard Lungfish(Protopterus aethiopicus)

Lobe-finned fishes

Coelacanth(Latimeria chalumnae)

Ray-finned fishes

Blue Tang(Paracanthurus hepatus)

Chondrichthyes* Bony skeleton lost

Great White Shark(Carcharodon carcharias)

Agnathans

Pacific hagfish(Eptatretus stoutii)

Urochordata* Tunicates

Sea Squirt(Polycarpa aurata)

Cephalochordata* Lancelets

Branchiostoma lanceolatum

Cnidaria* Radial symmetry* Diploblasty

Common ancestor ofHydrozoa and Scyphozoa

Hydrozoa* Alternate between the polyp and medusa forms

Pennaria disticha

Scyphozoa* Produce a medusa(jellies)

Moon Jelly(Aurelia aurita)

Anthozoa* Occur only as polyps(sea anemones and corals)

Elkhorn coral(Acropora palmata)

Porifera

Giant Barrel Sponge(Xestospongia muta)

Amebozoa* Movement with pseudopodia

Slime molds

SAR clade

Rhizaria* Filose pseudopodia

Foraminiferas

Radiolarians

Common Ancestor of Stramenopila and Alveolata* Secondary plastids

Alveolata* Membranous vesicles on cell membrane

Dinoflagellate

Stramenopila*Tripartite flagellar hair

Diatoms

Giant Kelp(Macrocystis pyrifera)

Excavata* Feeding groove* Secondary plastid

Euglenoids

Archaeplastida* Primary plastid

Common Ancestorof Chlorophytes, Charophytes and Land Plants

Common Ancestorof Charophytes and Land Plants

Land Plants* Sporic life cycle* Embryos* Apical meristems* Gametangia* Sporangia* Desiccation-resistant spores

Common Ancestorof Seedless Vascular Plants* Lignin* Xylem and phloem* Leaves* Dominant sporophyte generation* Thick waxy cuticle* Stomata

Common Ancestorof Monilophytes, Gymnosperms,and Angiosperms* Megaphylls

Common Ancestorof Seed Plants* Seeds* Pollen* Wood* Heterospory* Ovules

Angiosperms* Flowers*Fruits* Endosperm* Ovaries

White Water Lily(Nymphaea alba)

Southern Magnolia(Magnolia grandiflora)

Gymnosperms

Bald Cypress(Taxodium distichum)

Scots Pine(Pinus sylvestris)

Monilophytes

Eastern Marsh Fern(Thelypteris palustris)

Lycophytes

Fan clubmoss(Diphasiastrum digitatum)

Hornworts

Field hornwort(Anthoceros agrestis)

Mosses

Woolly Feather Moss(Tomentypnum nitens)

Liverworts

Common Liverwort (Marchantia polymorpha)

Charophytes

Braun's stonewort(Chara Braunii)

Chlorophytes

Rhodophytes

Archaea* Ether Bonds in Cell Membranes

Methanobrevibacter smithii

Bacteria* Presence of Peptidoglycan in Cell Wall

Escherichia coli