Acclimatization Injury

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Acclimatization Injury

2 Common Cold - Related Illness

Hypothermia

Cause Prolonged exposure to wet, windy, & cold environment. Extreme fatigue, such as that suffered after competition in a marathon or triathlon.

Severe hypothermia Send for emergency medical assistance. Cover the athlete with blankets. Treat the athlete carefully. Excessive movements may cause cold blood to re-circulate to the heart. This can cause the heart to stop. Monitor the ABCs & provide rescue breathing or CPR if necessary. Treat for shock.

First Aid Mild to moderate hypothermia Move the athlete to a warm area. Send for emergency medical assistance. Gently remove cold & wet clothing. Wrap the athlete in blankets. Give warm fluids, such as hot tea, to conscious athlete.

Signs From 95 to 98.6 degrees: Loss of coordination Loss of sensation Uncontrollable shivering From 90 to 95 degrees: Shivering may stop Pale & hard skin Numbness Slow, irregular pulse Slowed breathing

Symptoms When the body temperature drops below 95°: Irritability Confusion Drowsiness (sleepy) Lethargy (lack of energy)

The athlete did not suffer an injury but begins to act irrational & disoriented.

In this condition, the body temperature drops below normal.

Frostbite

First Aid. Move the athlete to a warm area. Remove wet & cold clothing. Treat for shock if necessary. First- & second-degree frostbite Re-warm frostbitten areas by soaking them in clean, warm water (38° - 40.5°C). Send the athlete to physician. Third-degree frostbite Send for emergency medical assistance. Monitor the ABCs & provide rescue breathing or CPR if necessary. Cover the frostbitten areas with sterile gauze.

Playing Status The athlete cannot return to activity until he/she is released by a physician. DO NOT… Rub or massage frostbitten areas. Apply ice to frostbitten areas. Allow frostbitten tissue to re-freeze.

Signs First-degree frostbite – red or flushed skin that may turn white or gray. Second-degree frostbite – firm, white, & waxy skin, blisters & purple tint to skin appear when the area is re-warmed. Third-degree frostbite – blisters bluish skin. The area feels very cold & stiff.

Symptoms Painful, itchy, burning, or tingling areas that may become numb as the frostbite worsens. These symptoms may recur when the affected areas are re-warmed.

Cause Exposure of body parts to cold, causing tissues to freeze & blood vessels to constrict.

Superficial frostbite involves localized freezing of the skin & the superficial tissues below it. The nose, ears, toes, & fingers are especially prone to superficial frostbite. Deep frostbite begins superficially but advances to deep tissues such as muscles & tendons

Prevention of Cold-Related Illness

Make sure athletes wear appropriate protective clothing Should dress in layers, which allows sweat to evaporate & protects against the cold. Wool, gortex, & lycra are excellent materials to wear. Also, be sure the head & neck are covered to prevent excessive heat loss. Wearing glove to allow the fingers to keep warm.

Cold-Related Illness

When a person is exposed to cold weather (winters) Body temperature starts to drop below normal. Counteract, body tries to gain or conserve heat by shivering involves muscles contracting rapidly to produce heat. Reduction of blood flow to the skin & extremities conserves the heat of the brain, heart, & lungs

Make sure athletes replace body fluids (water) lost through sweat Encourage athletes to do the following: -Drink 1 liter of water each day. -Drink 8 ounces (or I cup) of water every 15 minutes during practice or competition -Drink ½ to 1 cup of water 15 minutes before practice or competition Also encourage athletes to weigh themselves before & after practice or competition They should drink 2 cups of water for every pound of water they’ve lose through sweat Cool water is the best fluid to drink (stomach absorbs it faster)

Replenish electrolytes lost through sweat Electrolytes such as sodium (salt) & potassium are also lost through sweat These are used in muscle contraction & other body function They must be replaced The best way for athletes to replace these nutrients: Eating normal diet that contains fresh fruits & vegetables Banana are a good source of potassium Lightly salting the food

Make sure athletes replace body fluids (water) lost through sweat Athletes lose a great deal of water through sweat. If fluid is not replaced, the body will have less water to cool itself with (dehydration). They won’t actually feel thirsty until they’ve lost 3-4% of their body weight in sweat (water)

Identify & monitor athletes who are prone to heat illness Athlete who prone to heat illness: Overweight Heavily muscled Out of shape Athletes who have suffered from a previous heat illness These athletes should be closely monitored & given water breaks every 15 to 20 minutes

Monitor weather conditions & adjust practices accordingly

Stay cool with shorts, white t-shirts, & less equipment. Avoid vinyl (synthetic resin) sweat-suit at any time Vinyl prevents evaporation of sweat & does not allow the body to cool itself This practice is especially popular with wrestlers & boxers

Switch to light clothing & less equipment

Approximately 7 to 10 days to acclimatize Hold short practices at low to moderate activity levels & give athletes water breaks every 20 minutes

Acclimatize athletes to exercising in high heat & humidity

Temperature 27° - 32°C Humidity < 70% Precautions Monitor athletes prone to heat illness 27° - 32°C 32° - 38°C > 70% < 70% 10-minute rest every hour. change clothes frequently 32° - 38°C > 70% short practices inth evenings or early mornings. Only require t-shirts & shorts Warm-weather precautions.

3 types of Heat Illness

Heat Cramps

Playing Status The athlete can return to activity once the spasms stop & he/she can run, jump, & cut without limping or pain.

First Aid Slowly stretch the affected muscle without bounding. Have the athlete drink cool water. If spasms do not improve within 5 minutes, look for another possible injury. Send the athlete to a physician.

Signs -Severe muscle spasms.

Symptoms -Pain caused by muscle spasm. -Fatigue.

The athlete complains of a muscle spasm that is not caused by a specific injury. Cramps usually occur in the quadriceps, hamstrings, or calves

.Causes -Dehydration -Electrolyte loss -Poor or decreased blood flow to the muscles

This condition involves sudden involuntary muscle spasms

Heatstroke

Playing Status The athlete cannot return to activity until he/she is released by a physician.

First Aid -Send for emergency medical assistance. -Have rest in a cool, shaded area. -Remove excess clothing & equipment. -Cool the athlete’s body with cool, wet towels or by pouring cool water over him/her. -Apply ice pack on armpits, neck, back, stomach, & between the legs. -Monitor ABCs & provide rescue breathing or CPR if necessary. -Treat for shock (do not cover with blankets) -Have a conscious athlete drink cool water. -Place an unconscious athlete on his/her side to allow fluids & vomit to drain from the mouth

Symptoms -Feeling of being on fire (extremely hot) -Nausea -Confusion -Irritability (annoyed or angered) -fatigue

Signs -Hot, dry, & flushed or red skin (key sign) -Very high body temperature (above 39°C) -Lack of sweat -Rapid pulse -Rapid breathing -Constricted pupils

The athlete may dazedly stagger (walk or move unsteadily) off the field or collapse.

Cause Dehydration causes a malfunction in the body’s temperature control center in the brain.

This is a life-threatening condition in which the body stops sweating & the body temperature rises dangerously.

Heat Exhaustion

First Aid -Have rest in a cool, shaded area. -Give cool water to drink (if he/she conscious). -Apply ice to the neck, back, or stomach to help cool the body. -Monitor ABCs & provide rescue breathing or CPR if necessary. -Treat for shock if necessary. -Send for emergency medical assistance if the athlete does not recover or if his/her condition worsens

Playing Status -Athlete cannot return to activity until he/she regains the weight lost through sweat. -Athlete absolutely must not return to activity on the same day. -Do not allow athlete to return to activity until released by a physician

Signs -Pale, cool, & clammy (sticky or slimy) skin -Rapid, weak pulse loss of coordination Dilated pupils -Profuse sweating (key sign)

Symptoms -Headache (a continuous pain in the head). -Nausea (feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit). -Dizziness (sensation of spinning around & losing one’s balance). -Chills (unpleasant feeling of coldness). -Fatigue (extreme tiredness resulting from mental or physical exertion or illness). -Extreme thirst

The athlete suffered no injury but begins to develop shock-like symptoms

.Causes -Dehydration occurs when the body’s water & electrolyte supplies are depleted through sweating

This is a shock-like condition.

Heat-Related Illness

Combination of increased metabolism & decreased evaporation of sweat – athletes more prone to heat illness in hot, humid environment

Hot, humid environment the body has difficulty cooling itself. -Humidity – air is already saturated with water vapor -Sweat doesn’t evaporate as easily -Body sweat less effective cooling agent, & the body retains extra heat

Temperature Regulation

Evaporation (perspire)

evaporation of sweat off the skin is the main way in which the body cool itself

Radiation (Sun)

-Most common radiation heat is from the sun

-Heat loss or gained through contact with infrared waves

Conduction (Object)

-Warm jacuzzi

-Cold shower or cold drink

-Body heat can be lost or gained if the body comes in contact with a warmer or colder object

Convection (Air)

-Cool air ( increase body temperature)

-Loss or gain of heat resulting from the circulation of air (wind)

-Warm air ( increase body temperature)

Metabolism (Energy)

-Tissue cells in the body work &use energy , heat is produced

Temperature Related Problems

Thin & highly condition athlete (less fat for insulation) may be prone to cold illness.

Overweight or poorly conditioned athlete l could suffer a heat illness

Athletes could suffer from a hear or cold related illness