Macromolecules
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Picture Example Link of Structures Link Heteropolysaccharides
contain 2 or more
monosaccharides Homopolysaccharides
contain only a single type of
monosaccharide Maltotriose
3 Glucose Energy Storage Amylose Plant Starch Amylopectain Energy Storage
in animals Unbranched Branched DNA Deoxyribose Bacteria and Yeast Dextrose Energy Storage
Structural Support
Cell-to-cell communication Energy Source Energy Source
Building Blocks Do not dissolve in water Hydrogen Bonds Strong Plant Cell walls Glycogen Plants Cellulose Starch Polymer
a large molecule made from
monomers linked together Monomers
a small molecule that can bind chemically to other molecules Polymerization Polysaccharides
Many monosaccharides linked together Oligosaccharide
Made from 20 or less
monosaccharides Hydrophilic and water soluble Hydrophilic
Which means they are highly soluble in water Galactose Lactose
galactose and glucose Sugars
Which mean they have polar
functional groups attached to them Maltose
2 glucose molecules Sucrose
Glucose and fructose Disaccharide
Made from 2 monosacharides Fructose Glycosidic Bond Beta Glucose Isomer
a molecule withe the same formula
but have a different arrangement of atoms Alpha Glucose Glucose Combination
Their Ratio is
1C:2H:1C Monosaccharides
Consists of 1 sugar Molecule
They are Building block 4 Main Types Hydrogen Bonding Intermolecular Forces of attraction (IMF) Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen Carbohydrates Flaxin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) Photosynthesis Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+) Cellular Respiration Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Cofactors in Reactions Transfer RNA
moves amino acids to the ribosome
and binds to the mRNA, tRNA Ribosomal RNA
part of the ribosome and important for
the reading the bond in mRNA in order to combine the correct amino acids to make a protein Messenger RNA
is the copy of instructions from DNA Make proteins Internal signalling in cells Cyclic AMP (cAMP) Energy Storage In a Cell Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Antiparallel Double Stranded Molecules Phosphodiester Bond Polynucleotides Guanine (G) Adenine (A) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) Uracil (U) Nucleotides
Consists of a 5 Carbon sugar,
a nitrogenous base and 1-3 phosphate groups Hereditary Molecule RNA
Ribonucleic Acid Some Viruses Pyrimidines
Single Organic Rings
There are 3 bases Purines
Two-ringed organic structures
There are 2 bases Stores the hereditary information Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes and in many viruses DNA
Deoxyribose acid Nucleic Acids
Serve as assembly instructions
for all proteins in living organisms Fluid Mosaic Phospholipid bilayers Micelle Ester Linkage Function:
Cellular function and energy storage
Example:
Stearic Acid Properties
Hydrophobic, extremely non-polar,
and soft solids over a large range of
temperatures Function
Water resistance and protection Waxes
A lipid that is formed when long
fatty acid chains bind to alcohols or carbon rings Function
Hormonal Signalling, cell response
to the environment and growth Steriods
A lipid that is composed
of 4 Carbon rings Long Term Energy Storage Phospholipid Head
Faces Outward toward water Phospholipids
A lipid that consists of
2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
bound to a glycerol Cell Membranes Solid
Have longer and straight fatty acid chains
that can fold together Fatty Acid Tail
Faces inward away from water Liquid
They have shorter fatty acid chains Unsaturated Fats
Example: Olive Oil Saturated Fats
Example: Butter and Lard Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Has Double bonds between the Carbons Triglyceride
3 fatty acid chains linked
to a glycerol molecule Saturated Fatty Acids
Has only single bonds between the Carbons Fats
Is a Lipid that is made up of
fatty acids and glycerol Fatty Acids
A molecule that consists of a
single hydrocarbon chain with a
functional carboxyl group Amphipathic
A molecule with both polar
and non-polar functional groups Lipids
A non-polar compound that
is made mostly of Carbon and Hydrogen Macromolecules Receptors
A chemical substance produced by cells
that binds to another biological molecule Neurotransmitters
A chemical substance produced by nerve cells that stimulate or inhabit other nerve cells. Neurons
A specialized cell in the nervous
system that can send and receive
electrical signals. Gluten
Is a storage protein in the seeds of wheat,
barely, and rye. This food gives the seeding a fast start. Antibodies
Battle bacteria and viruses that makes us sick Muscle Cells
To contact muscle cells, millions of
tiny myosin simultaneously slide chains
of actin proteins Opsins
In the eye detect light. They convert light
into electrical and chemical signals that
can be interpreted by the brain Hemoglobin
In red blood cells pick up
oxygen from the lungs and
delivers it to all tissues in the body Hormones
Androgen and Estrogen
Control genes that trigger
the onset of puberty Insulin
Released into the blood stream after a meal. It activates the insulin receptor, which signals muscle and fat cells to store blood sugar Tublin
Forms hollow tubes that
support cell structure Lactase
helps infants digest lactose Storage
Stores nutrients and energy rich nutrients
for later use Defense
Helps organisms fight infection, heal damaged tissue and evade predators Motor
Keep cells moving and changing shape.
They also transport components around inside cells. Sensory
Helps us learn about our environment.
They help us detect light, sound, touch, smell, taste, pain and heat. Transport
Move molecules and nutrients
around the body and in and out of cells Regulatory
Bind DNA to turn genes
on and off Signalling
Allow cells to communicate each other.
Signals, receptors, and relay proteins work
together to get information from outside to the inside of the cell Structural
Strengthen cells, tissues, organs Enzymes
Build and Break down Molecules
They are critical for growth, digestion,
and many other processes. Types of proteins Intermolecular Forces
Different IMF's between
side chains of amino acids Hydrogen Bonding
between the peptide bonds in the
backbone Quaternary Structure
The combination of more
than one protein with
tertiary structures Tertiary Structure
The overall 3-D shape of the protein Secondary Structure
Small folded shapes within a
protein Primary Structure
The linear structure of
amino acids. Structures Peptide Bond Polypeptide R-Group
Represents 1 of the 20
different side chains Same 2 Functional Groups Carboxyl Amine Chemical Structure Hydrophobic
Amino Acids with non-polar functional groups.
"fears" water Intermolecular Forces of Attractions Hydrophilic
Amino acids with Polar or Ionic Functional Groups.
Water "loving" Properties Essential Amino Acids
We need to get these from
our diet Amino Acids
There are 20 amino acids.
Humans can make 11 out of 20
in our cells Proteins
Very Complex Molecules
