Metabolism

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INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

由Joyce Ositelu

Chloroplast

由Emma Spence

DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING

由Prayukta Padelkar

principles of Pharmacology

由Mashaal M Alghamdi

Plant Structure

Can do C3, C4, or CAM Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts

Passes electron to electron acceptor

Cannot absorb green as well

Generates O2

Transform light energy into ATP

Thylakoid

ATP Synthase

H+ Gradient

ETC

Chlorophyll

Cytosol

Grana

Stroma

Cellular Respiration

Electron Transport Chain

Uses a Hydrogen Gradient

Nets 34 ATP

Includes Oxidative Phosphorylation

2. Krebs Cycle

Uses NADH and FADH2

1. Glycolosis

Produces NADH

Changes Glucose to Pyruvate

Nets 2 ATP

Starts in the Cytosol

Photosynthesis

Light Independant

Calvin Cycle

Uses oxidation to lose electrons, reduction to gain them

Carbon Dioxide

Light Dependant

Creates ATP synthase enzyme

Creates NADPH

Photosystem 1

Photosystem 2

Water

Light

Acts as an electron donor

Metabolism

Requires activation energy

Catalysts reduce the energy cost for activation

Bond-breaking reactions

EXERGONIC

catabolic reactions

digestion

hydrolysis

Uses water in order to break apart an enzyme

(digestion)

Catalysts

Starts in the active site

Require substrates to bond with

RNA

Proteins

Requires the breaking of covalent bonds

Bond-forming reactions

ENDERGONIC

anabolic reactions

synthesis

dehydration synthesis

breaking apart an enzyme and producing water

(synthesis)