Development Psychology

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Bibliography

Sigmund Freud. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sigmundfreud

Morris, C. 1984. Psychology, An Introduction

Erikson's stages of psycho-social development. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eriksen%27s_stagesofpsychosocialdevelopment

Ontwikkelingsielkunde, https://at.wikipedia.org/wiki/ontwikkelingsielkunde

PSYC 211 Notes

6. African perspective

Spirituality

Focus on anthropocentric balance

Hierarchical view

Holistic perspective

Focus on the human and the world

Ubuntu

Focus on collective existence and relatedness

Nsemang

Social antogenesis focusing on selfhood, spiritual selfhood and ancestral selfhood.

5. Contextual perspective

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory

4. Macro-systems: historical changes over time creating cultural and sub-cultural systems with own set of values.

3. Exo-system: social systems that you are not actively involved in, but have an impact on your development eg. workplace, media, goverment.

2. Meso-systems: interaction between micro-systems eg. peer groups at school.

1. Micro-systems: relates to immediate environment and family influence on development.

The development of a child is anchored in a series of complex and interactive systems in the environment:

4. Biological perspective

Development is mainly influenced by biology and genetics by the following theories:

3. Evolutionary theory: focus on selection & adaption

2. Etiological theory: focus on biological survival

1. Maturational theory: focus on the biological plan for your body.

3. Behaviourism

3. Operant conditioning (Bandura)

Bandura believed that children learn by observing others and role models. His experiment entailed observing that children treated the dolls in the same way they in turn observed the adults treating the dolls.

2. Observational learning (Skinner)

Skinner believed that behaviour that is rewarded will be repeated as apposed to behaviour that is punished will avoided. He observed pigeons playing table tennis.

1. Classic conditioning (Pavlov & Watson)

Learning process where a neutral stimuli results in a specific response after the process of conditioning has been completed. Watson observed Little Albert and Pavlov observed his dogs.

Behaviour is learned and formed by the environment as studied by Pavlov, Watson, Skinner and Bandura

2. Cognitive perspective

Jean Piaget observed that children use the cognition that develops their own theories about their environment and develop through the own curiosity. Piaget developed four (4) stages of cognitive development:

4. Formal operational stage ( 11 - adulthood) when the individual demonstrates abstract thinking, logic, deductive reasoning, comparison and classification.

3. Concrete operational stage (7 - 11 years) when the child's reasoning becomes focused and logical.

2. Pre-operational stage (2 - 7 years) when the child learns to uses language, symbols, letters and numbers.

1. Sensorimotor stage (0 - 2 years) when the child learns by looking, touching, sucking.

1. Psycho-analytic perspective

Eriksen introduced the 8 stages of development distinguised by psycho-social crisis (PSC), basic virtue (BV) and age:

Stage 8

(PSC) Ego integrity vs despair (BV) Wisdom (Late adulthood)

Stage 7

(PSC) Generality vs stagnation (BV) Core (Middle adulthood)

Stage 6

(PSC) Intimacy vs isolation (BV) Love (Early adulthood)

Stage 5

(PSC) Identity vs role confusion (BV) Fidelity (Adolescence)

Stage 4

(PSC) Industry vs inferiority (BV) Competency (6 -puberty)

Stage 3

(PSC) Initiative vs guilt (BV) Purpose (4 - 6 years)

Stage 2

(PSC) Autonomy vs shame (BV) Will (2 - 3 years)

Stage 1

(PSC) Trust vs mistrust (BV) Hope (1 year)

Psycho-sexual development (Freud) derived in five (5) phases:

5. Genital (puberty - adulthood) seeks pleasure from penis/vagina eg. sexual intercourse and sexual impulses emerge.

4. Latent (6 - puberty) has little to no sexual motivation

3. Phallic (3 - 6 years) pleasure moves to the genitals and starts to get pleasure from penis/clitoris eg. masturbation

2. Anal (1 - 3 years) focus on eliminating and retaining feces and get pleasured from the anus eg. withholding

1. Oral (0 -1 years) focus on oral stimulus like suckling.

Freud explained the structure of personality as:

3. Superego

Follows the rules of society

2. Ego

Follows the reality principle

1. ID

Follows the pleasure principle

Studied extensively by Sigmund Freud and Erik Eriksen, the theory operates on 3 basic assumptions:

3. Influenced by sexual & aggressive urges

2. Influenced by early childhood experiences.

1. Influenced by unconscious experiences & conflict

Developmental issues

Continuity vs Discontinuity

Is development solely and continuous or age specific?

Nature vs Nurture

Is behaviour a result of inherited or acquired influences?

Passive vs active involvement

Is information soaked up or due to interaction with the environment?

Universality vs cultural concepts

Do all children go through the same experiences or is specific behaviour limited my cultural influence?

To identify potential problems, it is important to know the norm:

Developmental areas

Social development: interaction patterns, relationships, socialising, moral development

Personality development: the self, self-concept, identity & self-value.

Cognitive development: learning, memory, moral reasoning, language, creativity.

Physical development: body, brain, senses, motor-skills & health.

Developmental stadia

Elderly: 65 years - death

Adulthood: 20 - 65 years

Adolescence: 11 - 20 years

Childhood:

Middle childhood: 6 - 12 years

Early childhood: 2 - 6 years

Birth: 0 - 2 years

Prenatal development: Conception - birth

How do you identify and evaluate?

Study of the psychological & physical changes that impacts thinking, feeling and behaviour throughout a person's life.

2. Reasons why developmental changes occur using naturalistic observation, correctional- and experimental methods.

1. The course of psychological changes that take place as a person grows older by using longitudinal- & cross-sectional methods.

Developmental psychologists are interested in:

Domains of development

Language: developing the ability to communicate with others.

Social-emotional: development of understanding and controlling of emotions.

Cognitive: creativity and intellectual development

Physical: development of physical changes, gross & fine motor skills and growing in size.

Developmental Theories