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by Virginia Mahieu 1 day ago

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Neurotechnology Governance Landscape

Neurotechnology Governance Landscape

Last updated:
1 September 2025

Legend

Green: non-binding

Orange: binding

Neurotechnology Governance Landscape

Specific countries

United States of America
California Consumer Privacy Act - 2024

Introduction

The California Consumer Privacy Act (2024), passed unanimously, amends California's existing data privacy laws to include neural data as "sensitive personal information."


California residents can now request, delete, correct and limit what data a neurotech company collects on them. They can also opt out from companies selling or sharing their data. This law has prompted certain neurotechnology companies (e.g. Emotiv) to introduce specific articles for California residents in their privacy policies.

Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis



Sources and Further Reading



Colorado Privacy Act - 2024

Introduction

In 2024, Colorado became the first U.S. state to pass a bill to explicitly extend privacy rights to neural data, known as the "Colorado Privacy Act." It mandates that companies must treat neural data as sensitive information, and secure consent before collecting or processing it.

Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources and Further Reading

Chile
"Neurorights" amendment to the Chilean constitution - 2021

Introduction

In 2021, Chile became the world’s first country to explicitly enshrine neurorights into its legal framework. The Chilean Senate approved a constitutional amendment adding explicit protections to mental integrity and brain data.


In 2023, Chile’s Supreme Court became the first court to rule on a neuroprivacy case. Chile’s Supreme Court ruled that Emotiv's “Insight” device violated Senator Girardi’s constitutional rights by collecting and retaining his brain data data for research purposes, even in anonymised form, without explicit consent. This landmark neuroprivacy decision establishes a significant legal precedent and underscores the growing influence of the neurorights movement (Do, 2024).

Relevant Article


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Spain
Spanish Charter of Digital Rights - 2018

Introduction

The Spanish Charter of Digital Rights, adopted in 2018, provides a non-binding framework to guide public authorities in addressing digital rights, including neurotechnologies. Developed by the Expert Advisory Group under Spain’s State Secretariat for Digitalization and Artificial Intelligence, it reflects Spain’s commitment to ethical and inclusive digital governance. While not legally enforceable, the Charter establishes critical principles on the use of neurotechnologies, particularly in safeguarding personal identity, ensuring self-determination, and protecting brain-related data.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


France
French charter for the responsible development of neurotechnologies - 2022

Introduction

The French Charter for the Responsible Development of Neurotechnologies (2022) provides a comprehensive, non-binding framework to guide the ethical, inclusive, and secure development of neurotechnologies in France, aligned with the OECD Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnologies. The Charter addresses critical issues such as brain data protection, device safety, and ethical communication, responding to societal concerns and potential risks associated with neurotechnologies.


Principles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


The French Bioethics Laws - 2011 and 2021

Introduction

The French Bioethics Laws (2011 and 2021) form a comprehensive legal framework addressing bioethical challenges in France, with a focus on genetics, neuroscience, and innovative medical technologies. The 2021 amendments build on the 2011 law, updating regulations to address the privacy, ethical considerations, and potential misuse of brain data. 


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles

2011 Law:

2021 Law:


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources



Other International
Organisations

OECD
OECD Neurotechnology Toolkit - 2024

Introduction

The OECD Neurotechnology Toolkit, released in April 2024, serves as a central resource for policymakers to support the implementation of neurotechnology-related policies, emphasising practical guidance across multiple principles and jurisdictions. It illustrates the 5 building blocks of the OECD Framework for Anticipatory Governance of Emerging Technologies with examples of implementation for neurotechnology governance from Member States.



Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


OECD Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology - 2019

Introduction

The OECD Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology (2019) is the first international standard in this domain. While legally non-binding, it provides a robust framework for promoting responsible innovation in neurotechnology, focusing on safety, inclusivity, scientific collaboration, and societal deliberation. It embodies 9 core principles for the responsible development of neurotechnology:


Since its adoption, 39 countries have adhered to this recommendation.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Conclusions and Analysis


Source


Organization of American States (OAS)
Inter-American Declaration of Principles on Neuroscience, Neurotechnologies and Human Rights - 2023

Introduction

The Inter-American Declaration of Principles on Neuroscience, Neurotechnologies, and Human Rights (2023) by the Inter-American Juridical Committee of the Organisation of American States (OAS), is a non-binding instrument that provides guidance on the ethical and human rights implications of neuroscience and neurotechnologies.


It applies across the 35 member states of the OAS, including countries in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. The declaration builds on principles from the Inter-American Human Rights System and serves as a key reference point for addressing emerging challenges posed by neurotechnologies in the Americas.


Principles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


American Convention on Human Rights - 1969

Introduction

The American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR), adopted in 1969 under the Organization of American States (OAS), is a legally binding treaty aimed at protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms across the Americas. It applies to the OAS member states that have ratified it, including countries in North, Central, and South America and the Caribbean. The ACHR is a cornerstone for human rights protection in the region and influences national laws and policies in various fields, including the emerging area of neurotechnology.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
IEEE SA Standards Roadmap: Neurotechnologies for Brain-Machine Interfacing - 2020

Introduction

The IEEE SA Standards Roadmap: Neurotechnologies for Brain-Machine Interfacing (2020), provides a detailed framework for guiding developments in neurotechnologies related to brain-machine interfacing. While not legally binding and not a formal IEEE standard, the roadmap serves as a strategic document addressing public perception, sensor technologies, end-effectors, data management, and user needs in the neurotechnology space.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Council of Europe
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) - 1950

Introduction

The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), signed in 1950 under the Council of Europe, is a legally binding treaty aimed at protecting human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. It applies to all 46 Council of Europe countries, including 27 EU member states, and serves as a cornerstone for European human rights law. The ECHR's principles underpin many EU regulations and national laws, influencing policies across various fields, including neurotechnology.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources and further reading


United Nationas
UNESCO

UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Neurotechnology - [expected 2025]

Introduction

The UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Neurotechnology will provide a universal framework for guiding ethical governance in neurotechnology. While legally non-binding, the Recommendation aims to harmonise national legislation and policies with suggested values, principles, rights, and areas of policy action. This Recommendation will assist UN Member States in developing national legislation and policies aligned with international standards.


The first draft was released on June 9, 2024 and submitted to a public consultation. It is currently in inter-governmental negotiations, and the final Recommendation is due for adoption in late 2025.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources and further reading

Universal Declaration of Human Rights - 1948

Introduction

Adopted in 1948 by the United Nations General Assembly, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a foundational document establishing a common standard of fundamental rights and freedoms for all people. While not legally binding, it has profoundly influenced national constitutions, international treaties, and soft law frameworks—including many human rights instruments relevant to neurotechnology. The UDHR's emphasis on dignity, autonomy, privacy, and non-discrimination makes it an enduring point of reference in global debates about emerging technologies, including those that interact directly with the brain.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


European
Union

Consumer protection
Product Liability Directive - 2024

Introduction

The revised Product Liability Directive (2024) updates the EU framework on liability for defective products. Its aim is to harmonise liability rules across Member States, ensuring consumer protection while maintaining fair competition and the smooth functioning of the internal market.


For neurotechnology, the Directive is highly relevant: it establishes who is liable when neurotech products cause harm (manufacturers, importers, component suppliers, or modifiers) and broadens definitions of both “defective products” and “damage” (including psychological health). Importantly, it also extends liability to digital services integrated into a product, which is particularly relevant for connected or AI-driven neurotech.


The Directive applies to products placed on the market after 9 December 2026.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources

General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) - 2023

Introduction

The General Product Safety Regulation (GPSR) (2023) updates and strengthens the EU’s framework for ensuring the safety of non-food products. It addresses emerging challenges posed by new technologies, including risks from product modifications, cybersecurity vulnerabilities, and evolving functionalities. The regulation introduces mechanisms for monitoring and managing dangerous products, such as the Safety Gate Rapid Alert System, traceability requirements, and systemic obligations across the supply chain.


The GPSR covers all neurotechnology devices, including those intended for consumer or wellness purposes not covered by the Medical Devices Regulation. 


The Commission will assess the GPSR’s effectiveness by 2029, ensuring governance evolves with technological advancements and business needs. It will adopt implementing acts that determine the specific safety requirements to be covered by European standards.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


European Accessbility Act - 2019

Introduction

The European Accessibility Act (EAA) (2019) establishes a framework to eliminate barriers to the free movement of accessible products and services across the EU, particularly those important for persons with disabilities. By harmonising accessibility requirements, the Directive aims to ensure that accessible products and services are widely available in the internal market.


While it does not explicitly mention neurotechnology, its broad coverage of consumer products and digital services means that any neurotech product falling into these categories must be designed and marketed with accessibility in mind.


The EAA came into force in June 2025.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) - 2005

Introduction

The Unfair Commercial Practices Directive (UCPD) (2005) aims to harmonise laws across EU Member States to protect consumers from unfair business practices. This legally binding Directive applies to all business-to-consumer commercial practices, focusing on misleading, aggressive, or exploitative behaviors.


While not explicitly targeted at neurotechnology, its provisions are relevant to ensuring transparency and fairness in advertising, marketing, and sales of neurotechnology products.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Health
European Health Data Space (EHDS) - 2025

Introduction

The European Health Data Space (EHDS) (2025) aims to create a unified framework for managing health data in the EU, empowering individuals to control their data while enabling its secure exchange for healthcare delivery (primary use) and research, innovation, and policymaking (secondary use).


Although it focuses on medical data, it may also apply to consumer neurotechnology depending on how neurodata is classified. It may also allow integration of wellness data from non-medical devices into Electronic Health Records (EHR).


The EHDS is a legally binding regulation recently published in the Official Journal, with implementation occurring in stages over the coming years.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) - 2017

Introduction

The EU Medical Devices Regulation (MDR) (2017), establishes a legally binding framework to ensure the safety, performance, and quality of medical devices across the EU.


It is particularly relevant for neurotechnology, including brain-computer interfaces and brain stimulation devices, as it covers systems interacting with the central nervous system and handling personal and clinical data. The MDR introduces strict requirements for pre-market assessment, risk management, clinical evaluations, and data handling, and includes specific provisions for neurotech without an intended medical purpose in Annex XVI.


The MDR is currently undergoing evaluation and potentially revision by the European Commission (as of April 2025).


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources and further reading


Opinion on the ethical aspects of ICT implants in the human body - 2005

Introduction

The European Group on Ethics (EGE) issued a non-binding opinion in 2005 addressing the ethical aspects of information and communication technologies (ICT) implants in the human body. This opinion highlights the potential risks of non-medical applications of such technologies, including threats to human dignity, privacy, and democratic values. Though not legally binding, the document provides an ethical framework for considering the societal implications of neurotechnologies and ICT implants.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Cybersecurity
Cyber Resilience Act - 2024

Introduction

The Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) sets horizontal, technology-neutral essential cybersecurity requirements for all “products with digital elements” (hardware, software, and their remote data-processing components) placed on the EU market, with obligations covering design, development, production, and vulnerability handling across the product lifecycle. It harmonises rules EU-wide (free movement once compliant) and complements sector laws—notably excluding medical devices already covered by the MDR/IVDR—while tightening duties on manufacturers, importers, distributors, and open-source stewards.


The Cyber Resilience Act entered into force on 10 December 2024. The main obligations introduced by the Act will apply from 11 December 2027. 



Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology



Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis

The CRA will be critical for consumer neurotech (especially wearables and apps), raising the baseline on lifecycle security, vulnerability handling, and supply-chain assurance while creating EU-wide coherence and clearer expectations for buyers and regulators. The exclusion of MDR/IVDR-certified products avoids double regulation of medical neurotech.


Sources

NIS2 Directive - 2022

Introduction

The NIS2 Directive (“measures for a high common level of cybersecurity across the Union”) updates the EU framework on cybersecurity for network and information systems. It expands upon the original NIS Directive (2016) by broadening the list of sectors and entities subject to cybersecurity risk management and incident reporting obligations.


While not applying to the majority of neurotech companies, NIS2 could cover devices or services deemed essential or important entities, particularly where they relate to healthcare or critical infrastructure.


As a Directive, NIS2 does not apply directly to companies; Member States must transpose it into national law, potentially introducing variations and stricter measures.

Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources

Cybersecurity Act - 2019

Introduction

The Cybersecurity Act gives ENISA a permanent mandate and creates an EU-wide cybersecurity certification framework for ICT products, services, and processes. 


Although technology-neutral, it directly affects connected neurotechnology (devices, cloud services, BCIs, software) by promoting security-by-design, addressing third-party dependency risks, and enabling assurance levels for products whose failure could harm users’ privacy, dignity, or safety.


On 11 April 2025, the Commission launched a public consultation for input to evaluate and revise the Cybersecurity Act. 


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis

The Act provides a practical lever to raise the bar on neurotech cybersecurity: it embeds lifecycle security, focuses attention on supply-chain dependencies, and offers EU-level certification to signal trust (especially important for devices handling brain data or interacting with cognition). Its strengths are technology-neutrality and market harmonisation. A likely gap is that certification uptake depends on the availability and scope of relevant EU schemes, and coordination with sectoral rules (e.g., MDR) is essential to avoid duplicative assessments.

Practically, the Act’s basic–substantial–high assurance levels are only outlined in the Regulation; the concrete controls and testing depth are defined later in each EU certification scheme. For neurotech, this means the bar to clear depends on the scheme covering the device or cloud stack—low-risk consumer tools may be considered basic/substantial, whereas clinical-grade or safety-critical neurotech will likely be pushed toward high.


Sources


Data governance
Guidelines on prohibited artificial intelligence (AI) practices - 2025

Introduction

The European Commission’s AI Act Guidelines (published in February 2025) provide non-binding but influential interpretation of how the AI Act (2024) should be applied. They help clarify ambiguous provisions, especially concerning prohibited AI practices under Article 5.


For neurotechnology, the Guidelines are highly significant. They explicitly discuss subliminal manipulation, purposefully manipulative and deceptive techniques, and emotion recognition systems—all of which may be relevant to brain–computer interfaces, neuromarketing, mental health devices, or consumer neurotech applications. This is also the first official EU-level document that specifically references practices such as dream-hacking and brain spyware — largely considered science-fiction until only very recently. 


While the Guidelines do not create new legal obligations — with authoritative interpretations reserved for the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) –- they shape regulatory expectations and may influence future enforcement.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Sections


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources

AI Act - 2024

Introduction

The EU AI Act (2024), establishes a legally binding framework for the development, deployment, and use of artificial intelligence within the EU. The Act introduces risk-based classification, transparency requirements, and prohibitions on harmful AI practices. It aims to ensure AI systems are trustworthy, safe, and aligned with fundamental rights obligations.


Neurotechnologies often employ AI to interpret brain signals. Under the AI Act, some applications are entirely prohibited (e.g. subliminal messaging and manipulation, exploitative uses), while many others will be treated as high-risk AI systems—including medical devices using AI for diagnostics, biometric categorisation, or emotion recognition. These systems must meet strict requirements for conformity assessment, transparency, risk management, and human oversight.


By contrast, certain consumer neurotechnologies may fall outside the high-risk category—or even outside scope—if they are used solely for scientific research, do not rely on AI, or apply AI in low-impact ways (e.g. simple wellness or entertainment features). However, once a consumer device engages in biometric categorisation, emotion recognition, or other sensitive applications, it will fall under the high-risk classification or face outright prohibition.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles

Exceptions to these prohibitions include for reasons of health and public safety.

Such high-risk applications face additional requirements, such as transparency, human oversight, and a sufficient level of accuracy. 


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources and further reading


Data Act - 2023

Introduction

The Data Act (2023) is a horizontal regulation aimed at unlocking access to and use of both personal and non-personal data across the EU. It establishes rules for data access, portability, and sharing, particularly from connected devices and services. While not specific to neurotechnology, the regulation is highly relevant as many neurotech products—such as wearable EEGs, BCIs, and digital therapeutics—generate data that may fall under its scope.


The Data Act is part of the EU's broader strategy to build a single market for data, ensuring innovation, fairness, and user empowerment in the data economy. 


It entered into force on 11 January 2024.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis

The Data Act increases both the opportunities for neurodata innovation and the obligations for companies handling such data. It also signals a shift in control over device-generated data from manufacturers to end users, including consumers and professionals using neurotech. This could foster innovation by enabling third-party developers and researchers to access brain-related data—while also requiring manufacturers to build new technical and legal mechanisms for secure, user-directed data sharing.

However, the Act’s implementation raises open questions about data classification (personal vs. non-personal neurodata), and about how it interfaces with GDPR.

Finally, in theory, large volumes of brain-related data could be requisitioned in the event of a health or security emergency. For example, data from mental health apps or neurotech wearables might be considered relevant during a public health crisis. While this could support collective responses (e.g. epidemiological monitoring), it also raises serious concerns about privacy, proportionality, and the security of neural data once in government hands.


Sources


Digital Markets Act (DMA) - 2022

Introduction

The Digital Markets Act (DMA) (2022), is a legally binding regulation aimed at ensuring fair competition in digital markets. In particular, the DMA targets gatekeeper platforms (such as Apple and Meta), mandating obligations and prohibitions to prevent anti-competitive practices.


While not directly regulating neurotechnology, the DMA could impact its development and integration into digital markets, particularly through data-sharing requirements and interoperability standards.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Digital Services Act (DSA) - 2022

Introduction

The Digital Services Act (DSA) (2022), is a legally binding regulation that establishes rules for transparency, accountability, and user protection, and how these online services handle user-generated content or algorithmic outcomes. Particularly relevant is that platforms must assess and mitigate systemic risks, including those to public health or mental well-being​.


While it does not directly regulate neurotechnology, it could become relevant as some neurotech may involve online components (e.g. cloud platforms for brain-data analytics, neurofeedback apps, or marketplaces for neurotech). Specific examples where the DSA could become relevant include platforms hosting neurotech applications (Scenario 1), or if neurotech applications themselves were to evolve into very large online platforms (VLOPs) (Scenario 2).


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Data Governance Act - 2022

Introduction

The Data Governance Act (DGA) (2022) establishes a legal framework for the safe sharing and reuse of public-sector data, and creates voluntary mechanisms for data altruism and trusted data intermediaries. While it does not directly regulate private-sector neurotechnology, it is relevant in contexts where public institutions hold brain- or health-related data, or where individuals or organisations wish to donate neurodata for research or public-good purposes.


The DGA also anticipates interaction with future sector-specific laws, such as the planned European Health Data Space, which may introduce stricter conditions for health-related datasets, including neurodata.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - 2016

Introduction

The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (2016), establishes a comprehensive framework for the protection of personal data within the EU. It aims to safeguard the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals while enabling the free movement of personal data.


The GDPR is critical for neurotechnology, particularly in contexts involving the collection and processing of sensitive brain data, including biometric and health data (generally referred to as "neurodata").


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources and further reading

Structural / fundamental
León Declaration on European Neurotechnology - 2024

Introduction

The León Declaration on European Neurotechnology (2024) represents a non-binding commitment by EU Telecommunications and Digital Ministers to advance human rights and digital rights in the context of neurotechnologies. Emerging from an informal ministerial meeting under the Spanish Presidency of the European Council in León, Spain, the Declaration reflects the EU's ambition to lead globally in the protection and recognition of digital rights while promoting a human-centric approach to neurotechnological innovation.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles - 2022

Introduction

The European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles (2022) provides a non-binding, holistic framework for guiding the EU’s digital transformation. While it has no legal force, the Declaration draws on foundational EU legal instruments (e.g, Treaty on European Union, Charter of Fundamental Rights) and complements existing policies like the European Pillar of Social Rights. It aims to centre people in the digital transition, emphasising sustainability, trust, and a fair digital environment, serving as a guideline for policymakers.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union - 2009

Introduction

The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2009) provides a framework for protecting fundamental rights across the Union. Rooted in universal values such as human dignity, freedom, equality, and solidarity, the Charter ensures that the EU adapts to societal, scientific, and technological advancements. It emphasises the importance of balancing individual rights with responsibilities to society and future generations, serving as a cornerstone for human rights in EU policy.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) - 2009

Introduction

The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) (2009) is one of the primary Treaties establishing how the EU operates. It outlines the EU’s competencies, the principles guiding EU action (e.g., proportionality, subsidiarity), and the legal bases for regulations and directives. The TFEU covers internal market rules, free movement of goods and services, competition, public health, and research and innovation, among other areas.


Neurotechnology often intersects with internal market harmonisation (product safety, data protection, consumer protection), public health mandates (e.g., medical devices), and research & innovation funding. The TFEU underpins the EU’s authority to:



Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Selected Relevant Articles


Conclusions and Analysis


Sources


Civil society
European Charter for the Responsible Development of Neurotechnologies - 2025

Introduction

Launched by the European Brain Council (EBC) in 2025, this non-binding Charter represents a soft law instrument co-developed by stakeholders across Europe’s neurotechnology ecosystem—including scientists, industry actors, patient groups, and policymakers. It aims to fill existing gaps in EU-level governance by providing ethical, social, and practical guidance for the responsible development, deployment, and regulation of both medical and non-medical neurotechnologies.


While not legally enforceable, the Charter complements existing EU regulations (e.g. GDPR, MDR, AI Act) and draws on international frameworks such as the OECD Recommendation on Responsible Innovation in Neurotechnology.


Key Takeaways for Neurotechnology


Sources

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